Table 1.
Demographics and Clinical Characteristics of Cases and Control Groups
| Variable | Cases TZP-NS/CRO-S (n = 78) |
Control Group 1 TZP-S/CRO-S (n = 78) |
P a | Control Group 2 MEM-S/CRO-R (n = 78) |
P b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (IQR), y | 65 (49–74) | 65 (55–77) | .39 | 58 (46–72) | .30 |
| Male gender | 46 (59) | 36 (46) | .11 | 35 (45) | .08 |
| Location before admission | |||||
| Home | 66 (85) | 69 (88) | .48 | 59 (76) | .16 |
| Subacute rehabilitation center | 4 (5) | 3 (4) | .70 | 5 (6) | .73 |
| Acute rehabilitation center | 1 (1) | 2 (3) | .56 | 1 (1) | 1.00 |
| Outside hospital | 7 (9) | 4 (5) | .35 | 13 (17) | .15 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Hematologic malignancy | 33 (42) | 22 (28) | .07 | 21 (27) | .04 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 14 (18) | 18 (23) | .43 | 16 (21) | .69 |
| CKD (Cr > 2 mg/dL or hemodialysis) | 13 (17) | 8 (10) | .24 | 8 (10) | .24 |
| Solid tumor | 12 (15) | 22 (28) | .052 | 13 (17) | .83 |
| HSCT in last 6 mo | 7 (9) | 4 (5) | .35 | 6 (8) | .77 |
| Congestive heart failure | 7 (9) | 9 (12) | .60 | 14 (18) | .10 |
| Cirrhosis | 3 (4) | 3 (4) | 1.00 | 2 (3) | .65 |
| HIV infection | 3 (4) | 4 (5) | .70 | 2 (3) | .65 |
| SOT in last 6 mo | 1 (1) | 0 | .32 | 3 (4) | .31 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, median (IQR) | 5 (3–6) | 5 (3–7) | .77 | 5 (2–6) | .77 |
| Hospital exposures | |||||
| Hospitalized in last 90 d | 47 (60) | 31 (40) | .01 | 31 (40) | .01 |
| CVC at time of bacteremia | 40 (50) | 27 (35) | .035 | 35 (45) | .42 |
| Surgery in last 30 d | 19 (24) | 16 (21) | .57 | 23 (29) | .47 |
| Endoscopy in last 30 d | 18 (23) | 9 (12) | .06 | 10 (13) | .10 |
| ICU >48 h in last 30 d | 11 (14) | 10 (13) | .82 | 13 (17) | .66 |
| Hemodialysis | 7 (9) | 1 (1) | .06 | 7 (9) | 1.00 |
| Enteric tube feeds | 6 (8) | 4 (5) | .51 | 8 (10) | .58 |
| Mechanical ventilation >48 h in last 30 d | 4 (5) | 4 (5) | 1.00 | 10 (13) | .09 |
| Antimicrobial agents in the last 30 d | 57 (73) | 22 (28) | <.001 | 46 (59) | .06 |
| BL/BLI | 34 (44) | 9 (12) | <.001 | 23 (29) | .07 |
| TZP | 27 (35) | 9 (12) | <.001 | 22 (28) | .39 |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate | 8 (10) | 0 | .006 | 1 (1) | .03 |
| Cephalosporin | 17 (22) | 7 (9) | .026 | 16 (21) | .85 |
| Fluoroquinolone | 14 (18) | 8 (10) | .17 | 11 (14) | .51 |
| Carbapenem | 8 (10) | 2 (3) | .09 | 14 (18) | .17 |
| Aztreonam | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 1.002 | 2 (3) | .56 |
| Aminoglycoside | 0 | 1 (1) | .32 | 1 (1) | .32 |
| Hospital-onset bacteremiac | 41 (53) | 25 (32) | .001 | 36 (46) | .42 |
| Hospital-days from admission until bacteremia onset, median (IQR) | 4 (0–14) | 0 (0–8) | .005 | 1.5 (0–14) | .65 |
| Presumed source of infection | |||||
| Translocation from gastrointestinal tract | 32 (41) | 23 (29) | .13 | 10 (13) | .001 |
| Urinary | 18 (23) | 28 (36) | .08 | 32 (41) | .02 |
| Biliary | 17 (22) | 12 (15) | .30 | 9 (12) | .09 |
| Vascular catheter–related | 10 (13) | 5 (6) | .17 | 11 (14) | .82 |
| Intraabdominal abscess | 1 (1) | 5 (6) | .10 | 6 (8) | .053 |
| Pulmonary | 0 (0) | 3 (4) | .08 | 7 (9) | .007 |
| Surgical site infection | 0 (0) | 2 (3) | .16 | 0 (0) | N/A |
| Skin and soft tissue infection | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | N/A | 3 (4) | .08 |
| Pitt bacteremia score, median (IQR) | 3 (1–4) | 2 (0–3) | .18 | 2 (1–4) | .10 |
Values are represented as No. (% of total) or median (IQR). Statistically significant P values are in bold.
Abbreviations: BL/BLI, β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor; CKD, chronic kidney disease; Cr, creatinine; CRO-R, ceftriaxone-resistant; CRO-S, ceftriaxone-susceptible; CVC, central venous catheter; HSCT, hematopoietic stem cell transplant; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; MEM-S, meropenem-susceptible; N/A, not applicable; SOT; solid organ transplant; TZP-NS, piperacillin-tazobactam-nonsusceptible; TZP-S, piperacillin-tazobactam-susceptible.
a P value comparing Cases with Control Group 1.
b P value comparing Cases with Control Group 2.
cInfection onset >72 hours after admission to the hospital.