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. 2018 Dec 12;8:17779. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36217-2

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Quantification of XYLT1 promoter activity after site-directed mutagenesis of Sp1 transcription factor binding sites. The XYLT1 wildtype vector (pGL4.10 XYLT1 c. − 1639 to c. + 1_complete)²⁹ was used to delete Sp1 transcription factor binding sites by site-directed mutagenesis. Modified sequences are indicated on the left. SW1353 cells were transfected with the promoter plasmids and relative promoter activity was quantified by dual luciferase assay. Relative promoter activities are referred to the activity of the unmutated wildtype construct, which was defined as 100%. Values are means ± SEM of six biological replicates. **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001 (Mann-Whitney U-test).