Fig. 2.

RLG increased baseline mitochondrial metabolism and reduced mitochondrial coupling efficiency in HPA (a,c,e,g,i,k) and U373 astrocytoma cells (b,d,f,h,j,l). (a, b) OCR of HPA (a; control, n = 36; RLG, n = 39, across three separate assays) and U373 cells (b; control, n = 40; RLG, n = 43, across three separate assays) following RLG. Cells were exposed to oligomycin (10 μmol/l), FCCP (5 μmol/l) and a combination of rotenone and antimycin A (5 μmol/l). (c, d) Mean basal OCR in control and RLG-treated astrocytes. (e, f) Coupling efficiency calculated from the ratio of oligomycin-sensitive OCR and basal OCR expressed as a percentage. (g, h) Proton leak, calculated from the oligomycin-insensitive (i.e. not ATP synthase linked) OCR minus non-mitochondrial respiration. (i, j) ECAR analysis measured during mitochondrial stress tests. (k, l) Mean baseline ECAR following RLG. Error bars represent SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001, unpaired two-tailed student’s t test vs control. mpH, milli-pH; Oligo, oligomycin; R/A, rotenone and antimycin A