Table 3.
Factors associated with non-uptake of DTP3-containing vaccines by children of HIV-infected women identified by multilevel multivariate logistics regression models.
| Model 1a |
Model 2b |
Model 3c |
Model 4d |
Model 5e |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% Crl) | OR (95% Crl) | OR (95% Crl) | OR (95% Crl) | OR (95% Crl) | |
| Fixed-effect | |||||
| Individual-effect factors | |||||
| Male (vs female) | 0.961 (0.844–1.095) | 0.959 (0.838–1.091) | |||
| Age (in completed years) | |||||
| 15–24 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
| 25–34 | 0.932 (0.793–1.089) | 0.937 (0.793–1.087) | |||
| 35–49 | 0.699 (0.574–0.844)* | 0.706 (0.575–0.849)* | |||
| Wealth index | |||||
| Poorer | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
| Middle | 1.094 (0.907–1.307) | 1.055 (0.860–1.286) | |||
| Richer | 0.880 (0.718–1.076) | 0.830 (0.639–1.069) | |||
| Education | |||||
| No education | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
| Primary | 0.700 (0.564–0.860)* | 0.768 (0.612–0.957)* | |||
| Secondary+ | 0.656 (0.519–0.831)* | 0.719 (0.566–0.927)* | |||
| Not employment | 1.149 (0.990–1.327) | 1.172 (1.001–1.365)* | |||
| Access to media | 0.899 (0.828–0.974)* | 0.893 (0.826–0.962)* | |||
| Community-level factors | |||||
| Rural (vs urban) | 1.085 (0.903–1.288) | 0.965 (0.795–1.182) | |||
| High (vs low) poverty rate | 0.999 (0.943–1.056) | 0.965 (0.899–1.032) | |||
| High (vs low) unemployment rate | 0.992 (0.950–1.041) | 0.980 (0.924–1.042) | |||
| High (vs low) illiteracy rate | 1.099 (1.050–1.152)* | 1.052 (0.995–1.110) | |||
| Country-level factors | |||||
| Middle (vs low) GDP | 1.496 (0.531–2.920) | 1.561 (0.585–3.046) | |||
| High (vs low) Adult literacy rate | 0.482 (0.207–1.139) | 0.489 (0.230–0.936)* | |||
| Average (vs low) Health expenditure | 2.289 (0.665–6.258) | 2.235 (0.570 −5.480) | |||
| Random effects | |||||
| Country-level | |||||
| Variance (95 Crl) | 0.852 (0.457–1.503) | 0.785 (0.415–1.420) | 0.826 (0.439–1.478) | 0.732 (0.371–1.371) | 0.723 (0.364–1.347) |
| ICC (%) | 20.57 | 19.26 | 20.06 | 18.18 | 17.83 |
| MOR ((%, 95% Crl) | 2.40 | 2.32 | 2.37 | 2.25 | 2.24 |
| Explained variation (%) | Reference | 7.90 | 3.10 | 14.20 | 15.20 |
| Community-level | |||||
| Variance (95 Crl) | 0.002 (0.000–0.004) | 0.002 (0.001 to 0.003) | 0.003 (0.001–0.005) | 0.003 (0.001–0.005) | 0.042 (0.014–0.072) |
| ICC (%) | 20.61 | 19.30 | 20.12 | 18.24 | 18.87 |
| MOR ((%, 95% Crl) | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.22 |
| Explained variation (%) | Reference | −10.50 | −68.70 | −70.40 | −2679.90 |
| Model fit statistics | |||||
| DIC | 5641 | 5593 | 5629 | 5640 | 5584 |
DIC – Deviance Information Criterion; ICC – intra-cluster correlation; MOR – median odds ratio; OR- odds ratio; CrI – credible interval.
aModel 1 is null model, baseline model without any determinant variable. bModel 2 is additionally adjusted for individual-level factors.
cModel 3 is additionally adjusted for community-level factors. dModel 4 is additionally adjusted for country-level factors.
eModel 5 is additionally adjusted for individual-, community-, and country-level factors.
*: p < 0.05