Table 2. Risk factors of leaving without being seen (LWBS)—results from a multi-level logistic regression model.

Risk factor		n	Crude OR	95% CI		Adj OR	95% CI		p value
				Low	Up		Low	Up
Age (10 years increase)		.	0.92	0.91	0.92	0.93	0.93	0.94	< .0001
Gender (Female vs Male)		417,818	0.80	0.79	0.81	0.86	0.84	0.87	< .0001
Citizenship (foreign vs italian)		142,995	1.39	1.36	1.42	0.94	0.91	0.96	< .0001
Residence area	Roma	371,385	1.05	1.01	1.10	1.03	0.98	1.07	0.247
	Rome province	208,188	0.88	0.85	0.92	0.90	0.86	0.94	< .0001
	Others province	219,911	1.00	.	.	1.00	.	.	.
Previous (5 years) hospitalizations		201,522	0.77	0.75	0.78	0.94	0.92	0.96	< .0001
Triage	Yellow	174,114	1.00	.	.	1.00	.	.	.
	Green	588,012	3.30	3.22	3.40	2.05	1.99	2.11	< .0001
	White	37,358	10.91	10.51	11.33	7.01	6.72	7.31	< .0001
Number of uncompleted ED visit in the previous year	0	743,078	1.00	.	.	1.00	.	.	.
	1	44,522	1.46	1.42	1.51	1.45	1.40	1.50	< .0001
	>1	11,884	3.22	3.08	3.37	3.26	3.10	3.44	< .0001
Mode of arrival (non-assisted arrival vs ambulance)		690,401	1.30	1.27	1.34	1.22	1.18	1.25	< .0001
Time band	8:00–16:00	443,582	1.00	.	.	1.00	.	.	.
	17:00–24:00	276,405	1.34	1.32	1.36	1.46	1.44	1.49	< .0001
	1:00–7:00	79,497	0.75	0.73	0.77	1.16	1.12	1.20	< .0001
Day (Week-end/Holiday vs weekday)		237,002	1.00	0.99	1.02	1.12	1.10	1.14	< .0001
Waiting time (hours)	<1	497,996	1.00	.	.	1.00	.	.	.
	1–2	134,474	3.79	3.70	3.89	3.57	3.48	3.66	< .0001
	2–3	66,284	7.48	7.28	7.68	6.83	6.64	7.02	< .0001
	3–4	38,212	11.27	10.94	11.61	10.12	9.81	10.44	< .0001
	4–5	23,425	15.20	14.69	15.72	13.52	13.06	14.01	< .0001
	5–6	14,584	19.82	19.06	20.62	17.47	16.77	18.20	< .0001
	>6	24,509	36.81	35.63	38.03	32.31	31.21	33.44	< .0001
ED crowding (Yes vs No)		181,698	1.88	1.85	1.91	1.30	1.28	1.33	< .0001