Table 3.

Frequency and adjusted OR of surgical and medical complications following outpatient ACDF

	Outpatient ACDF (N=1,215)		Inpatient ACDF (N=10,964)		Adjusted OR (for outpatient ACDF)^†	p-Value
	n	Frequency (%)	n	Frequency (%)	Adjusted OR (for outpatient ACDF)^†	p-Value
Surgical complications
Removal of hardware (at 6 mo)	^*	^*	56	0.51
Removal of hardware (at 1 y)	^*	^*	74	0.67
I&D, exploration, or evacuation (at 6 mo)	^*	^*	63	0.57
I&D, exploration, or evacuation (at 1 y)	^*	^*	84	0.77
Posterior fusion (at 6 mo)	40	3.29	287	2.62	1.58 (1.27–1.96)	<.001
Posterior fusion (at 1 y)	67	5.51	451	4.11	1.79 (1.51–2.13)	<.001
Anterior revision or extension (at 6 mo)	33	2.72	290	2.65	1.03 (0.85–1.23)	.784
Anterior revision or extension (at 1 y)	48	3.95	341	3.11	1.46(1.26–1.70)	<.001
Decompressive laminectomy (at 6 mo)	26	2.14	264	2.41	1.10(0.83–1.44)	.508
Decompressive laminectomy (at 1 y)	43	3.54	401	3.66	1.22(0.98–1.52)	.071
Dural tear (at 6 mo)	^*	^*	11	0.10
Dural tear (at 1 y)	^*	^*	21	0.19
Neurologic injury	^*	^*	178	1.62
Medical complications
DVT	^*	^*	65	0.59
PE	^*	^*	85	0.78
Pneumonia	^*	^*	^*	^*
Acute renal failure	15	1.23	164	1.50	1.25 (1.06–1.49)	.010
Respiratory failure	16	1.32	313	2.85	1.01 (0.84–1.22)	.883
MI	^*	^*	60	0.55
Cerebrovascular accident	12	0.99	132	1.20	0.94(0.76–1.18)	.608

OR, odds ratio; ACDF, anterior cervical discectomy and fusion; I&D, irrigation and debridement; DVT, deep vein thrombosis; PE, pulmonary embolism; MI, myocardial infarction.

Indicates complications where <11 cases were reported, corresponding to a frequency of <0.9%; OR cannot be defined for these instances.

^†

Adjusted OR derived from multivariate logistic regression with patient age, gender, and Charlson Comorbidity Index used as covariates.