Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of adolescent waterpipe smokers who did or did not subseauentlv show a progression on nicotine dependence
| Progressed on nicotine dependence
|
p-value* | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| No (n=159), n (%), mean±SD | Yes (n=105), n (%), mean±SD | ||
|
| |||
| Individual | |||
|
| |||
| Gender | 0.63 | ||
| Male | 77 (48.4) | 54 (51.4) | |
| Female | 82 (51.6) | 51 (48.6) | |
|
| |||
| Weekly allowance (LBP) | 0.85 | ||
| < 10,000 | 21 (13.2) | 12 (11.4) | |
| 10,000–20,000 | 88 (55.3) | 57 (54.3) | |
| > 20,000 | 50 (31.4) | 36 (34.3) | |
|
| |||
| Performing regular physical activity (at least once/week) | 0.69 | ||
| No | 41 (25.9) | 25 (23.8) | |
| Yes | 117 (74.1) | 80 (76.2) | |
|
| |||
| School performance | 0.62 | ||
| Below class average | 19 (11.9) | 14 (13.3) | |
| Class average | 110 (69.2) | 76 (72.4) | |
| Above class average | 30 (18.9) | 15 (14.3) | |
|
| |||
| Spiritual/religious person | 0.49 | ||
| No | 21 (13.2) | 17 (16.2) | |
| Yes | 138 (86.8) | 88 (83.8) | |
|
| |||
| Average time spend during a waterpipe smoking session (min) | 0.59 | ||
| <30 | 83 (52.2) | 54 (51.4) | |
| 30–60 | 61 (38.4) | 37 (35.2) | |
| >60 | 15 (9.4) | 14 (13.3) | |
|
| |||
| Smoking frequency in past 30 days | 0.02 | ||
| Less once a week | 91 (57.2) | 47 (44.8) | |
| At least once a week but not daily | 45 (28.3) | 47 (44.8) | |
| Daily or almost daily | 23 (14.5) | 11 (10.5) | |
|
| |||
| Number of waterpipes smoked in past 30 days | 9.5±21.9 | 7.2±8.6 | 0.06 |
|
| |||
| Waterpipe smokers look more attractive | 0.71 | ||
| Disagree/Don’t know | 121 (76.1) | 82 (78.1) | |
| Agree | 38 (23.9) | 23 (21.9) | |
|
| |||
| Waterpipe smokers have more friends | 0.53 | ||
| Disagree/Don’t know | 103 (64.8) | 64 (61.0) | |
| Agree | 56 (35.2) | 41 (39.0) | |
|
| |||
| Waterpipe smoking makes a person lose weight | 0.49 | ||
| Disagree/Don’t know | 143 (89.9) | 97 (92.4) | |
| Agree | 16 (10.1) | 8 (7.6) | |
|
| |||
| Waterpipe smoking is harmful to health | 0.02 | ||
| Disagree/Don’t know | 8 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Agree | 151 (95.0) | 105 (100.0) | |
|
| |||
| Stress | 7.1±6.0 | 9.0±7.1 | 0.02 |
|
| |||
| Depression | 7.1±4.9 | 7.4±4.3 | 0.35 |
|
| |||
| Distractibility | 8.1±4.5 | 8.6±4.8 | 0.39 |
|
| |||
| Novelty seeking | 14.2±7.5 | 15.0±7.3 | 0.32 |
|
| |||
| Impulsivity | 10.8±6.9 | 11.8±6.8 | 0.17 |
|
| |||
| Self-esteem | 17.8±4.3 | 20.2±4.7 | 0.001 |
|
| |||
| Socio-environmental | |||
|
| |||
| School type | 0.63 | ||
| Public | 73 (45.9) | 45 (42.9) | |
| Private | 86 (54.1) | 60 (57.1) | |
|
| |||
| Father’s years of education | 0.74 | ||
| < 12 years of education/Cannot read or write | 115 (72.3) | 74 (70.5) | |
| > 12 years of education | 44 (27.7) | 31 (29.5) | |
|
| |||
| Mother’s years of education | 0.04 | ||
| < 12 years of education/Cannot read or write | 89 (56.0) | 72 (68.6) | |
| > 12 years of education | 70 (44.0) | 33 (31.4) | |
|
| |||
| Waterpipe smoking by parents | 0.94 | ||
| None/Don’t know | 72 (45.3) | 48 (45.7) | |
| At least one | 87 (54.7) | 57 (54.3) | |
|
| |||
| Waterpipe smoking by siblings | 0.27 | ||
| None/Don’t know | 76 (47.8) | 43 (41.0) | |
| At least one | 83 (52.2) | 62 (59.0) | |
|
| |||
| Waterpipe smoking by close friends | 0.02 | ||
| None | 28 (17.6) | 8 (7.6) | |
| At least one | 131 (82.4) | 97 (92.4) | |
|
| |||
| Having a favorite waterpipe ad | 0.14 | ||
| No/Don’t know | 138 (86.8) | 84 (80.0) | |
| Yes | 21 (13.2) | 21 (20.0) | |
|
| |||
| It would be very difficult to me to be in a restaurant, and not smoke waterpipe** | 0.007 | ||
| Not true | 53 (33.3) | 19 (18.1) | |
| Somewhat true | 40 (25.2) | 35 (33.3) | |
| True | 66 (41.5) | 51 (48.6) | |
|
| |||
| Just the sight or smell of waterpipe is enough to make me want to smoke** | 0.29 | ||
| Not true | 45 (28.7) | 24 (22.9) | |
| Somewhat true | 31 (19.7) | 19 (18.1) | |
| True | 81 (51.6) | 62 (59.0) | |
|
| |||
| I smoke waterpipe usually with friends or in cafes/restaurants** | 0.52 | ||
| Not true | 89 (56.0) | 54 (51.9) | |
| Somewhat true | 30 (18.9) | 21 (20.2) | |
| True | 40 (25.2) | 29 (27.9) | |
*
Bold indicates p<0.05;
**
Items 1 from the Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies (SCTS-28)