Table 2.
Exosomes associated proteins composition and functions
| Proteins | Name | Functions | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tetraspanin | CD9, CD37, CD63, CD53, CD81,CD82, CD83 | Biomarker, multidrug resistance | [143] |
| Heat-shock proteins | HSP70, Hsp84, Hsp90 αBC, HSP20, HSP27 | Multidrug resistance, immune suppression | [144-146,67] |
| Signal transduction | Gi2a, Gi3a, Gsa, FRL, Erk2, Fyn, Sh2, phosphatase, RhoA, C, GDI, syntenin, CBL, Catenin, LCK | Signal transformation | [71] |
| MVB formation | Alix, TSG 101, Gag | Cell trafficking, biomarker | [67] |
| Antigen presentation | MHC I, MHC II, CD86 | Immune system regulation | [72] |
| Adhesion molecules/targeting proteins | CD146, CD166, ICAM-1, ALCAM, MAC-1, Integrin α chain, Integrin α 4 ß1, LFA-3, CD53, CD326, CD11a, 11b, 11c, MFG-E8/lactadherin, CD171, CLDN3 | Intercellular communication | [73,146] |
| Cytoskeletal proteins | Talin, CAP1, ezrin, tubulin, cofilin, actin, moesin, rodixin, advillin, vimentin | Tumorigenesis, immune system regulation | [147] |
| Membrane transport and fusion | AP-1, Arp2/3, SNAP, syntaxin, dynamin, Rab5, 7, Rap1B, RabGDI, annexins (I, II, IV, V, VI), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) | Biogenesis, cell transportation | [148] |
| Enzymes | ATP citrate lyase, ATPase, glucose 6-phosphate isomerase, peroxiredoxin 1, Asp, amino-transferase, aldehyde reductase, fatty acid synthase, pyruvate kinase, glucose 6-phosphate isomerase, ATP citrate, lyase, ATPase, fatty acid synthase (FASN) Thioredoxine peroxidase and alix | Metabolism, cell signaling | [149,71] |
| Anti-apoptosis proteins | Cell progression and angiogenesis, multidrug resistance | [69] | |
| Domain proteins | Proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) | Proliferation, angiogenesis | [73] |