ATG12 upregulation induced autophagy and inhibited apoptosis in H/R SH-SY5Y cells. A. Western blot detection of ATG12, LC3-B, Beclin-1, and Bcl-2 expression in H/R SH-SY5Y cells treated with an NC inhibitor, HUVEC-derived exosomes, or miR-21-3p inhibitor. B. Hoechst 33258 staining detection of apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. Cells actively undergoing apoptosis are brightly illuminated. Magnification, × 120.