Table 1.
Descriptive Characteristics of the Device Type Cohorta
| Characteristic | Invasive Device Percentage, No. (%) | P Valueb | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cohort (n = 740) |
None (n = 242) |
>0% to 35% (n = 171) |
>35% to 60% (n = 155) |
>60% (n = 172) |
||
| Female sex | 301 (40.7) | 97 (40.4) | 66 (38.6) | 60 (38.7) | 78 (45.3) | .54 |
| Age, mean (SD), mo | 5.6 (2.7) | 5.7 (2.7) | 5.5 (2.7) | 5.9 (2.9) | 5.3 (2.6) | .28 |
| Medicaid recipient | 488 (65.6) | 154 (63.6) | 113 (66.1) | 110 (71.0) | 111 (64.5) | .48 |
| Department | ||||||
| Academic unit B | 180 (24.3) | 58 (24.0) | 58 (33.9) | 41 (26.5) |  |
<.001 |
| Academic unit A | 339 (45.8) | 38 (15.7) | 76 (44.4) | 97 (62.6) | ||
| Satellite unit | 117 (15.8) | 95 (39.3) | 19 (11.1) | 2 (1.3) | ||
| Other academic | 104 (14.1) | 51 (21.1) | 18 (10.5) | 15 (9.7) | ||
| Ill before admission, d | ||||||
| <2 | 40 (5.4) | 12 (5.0) | 14 (8.2) | 7 (4.5) |  |
.74 |
| 2 to <3 | 165 (22.2) | 56 (23.1) | 38 (22.2) | 38 (24.5) | ||
| 3 to <4 | 150 (20.3) | 43 (17.8) | 32 (18.7) | 35 (22.6) | ||
| 4 to <5 | 130 (17.6) | 41 (16.9) | 28 (16.4) | 25 (16.2) | ||
| ≥5 | 229 (30.9) | 80 (33.1) | 51 (29.8) | 47 (30.3) | ||
| Intravenous fluid bolus | ||||||
| ≤20 mL/kg | 685 (92.6) | 229 (94.6) | 159 (92.9) | 140 (90.3) |  |
.38 |
| ≥20 mL/kg | 55 (7.4) | 13 (5.4) | 12 (7.0) | 15 (9.6) | ||
| Any O2 within first 24 h | 428 (57.8) | 122 (50.4) | 94 (54.9) | 96 (61.9) | 116 (67.4) | .004 |
| Temperature >38°C in first 24 h | 361 (48.8) | 115 (47.5) | 84 (49.1) | 82 (52.9) | 80 (46.5) | .67 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Asthma | 69 (9.3) | 23 (9.5) | 19 (11.1) | 15 (9.7) | 12 (7.0) | .62 |
| Bacterial pneumonia | 68 (9.2) | 20 (8.3) | 13 (7.6) | 12 (7.7) | 23 (13.4) | .19 |
| Congenital heart disease | 27 (3.6) | 7 (2.9) | 5 (2.9) | 3 (1.9) | 12 (7.0) | .09 |
| Nasal and sinus comorbidities | 23 (3.1) | 6 (2.5) | 7 (4.1) | 5 (3.2) | 5 (2.9) | .83 |
| Chronic lower respiratory disease | 7 (0.9) | 5 (2.1) | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.6) | 0 | .21 |
| Diseases of pharynx, larynx, and trachea | 29 (3.9) | 11 (4.5) | 6 (3.5) | 7 (4.5) | 5 (2.9) | .82 |
| Muscular dystrophy | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.4) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Medication usage | ||||||
| Hypertonic saline | 2 (0.3) | 0 | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.6) | 0 | |
| Racemic epinephrine | 73 (9.9) | 13(5.4) | 15(8.8) | 24 (15.5) | 21 (12.2) | .01 |
| Corticosteroids | 85 (11.4) | 26(10.7) | 25(14.9) | 19 (12.3) | 15 (8.7) | .37 |
| β-Agonists | 423 (57.2) | 130(53.7) | 103(60.2) | 98 (63.2) | 92 (53.4) | .16 |
a
Data are presented as number (percentage) unless otherwise indicated.
b
For difference between groups from analysis of variance, χ2 test, or Fisher exact test.