Table 1.
Association of obesity risk factors with low-grade systemic inflammation and hyperinsulinaemia
| Lifestyle factor | Inflammation | Hyperinsulinaemia/ insulin resistance | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Calorie-rich diets | Yes a | Yes a | [4, 5, 114] |
| Sedentary time | Yes a | Yes a | [7, 8, 115] |
| Road traffic | Yes a | Yes a | [9, 116, 117] |
| Sleep deprivation | Yes a | Yes a | [10–12] |
| Smoking | Yes | Yes | [14, 15] |
| Depression, stress | Yes | Yes | [13, 16] |
| Low socioeconomic status | Yes | Yes | [17, 18] |
a Randomised controlled trials indicate causal relationship