Table 1.
Concentration of fecal indicator organisms and pathogens reported in selected literature from different types of wastewater used for irrigation.
| References* | Pathogen or fecal indicator | Concentration (original values transformed to Log10/L) | Type of Wastewater | Country |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (37) | E. coli | 1.8–2.8 (CFU) | Secondary and tertiary treated wastewater | Italy |
| Fecal coliforms | 2.5–3.0 (CFU) | |||
| Fecal enterococci | 2.1–2.2 (CFU) | |||
| (4) | Fecal coliforms | 7.89–8.15 (CFU) | Untreated wastewater | Mexico |
| Fecal enterococci | 6.71–7.18 (CFU) | |||
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 2.17–2.48 (Oocyst) | |||
| Giardia lamblia | 2.43–2.69 (cyst) | |||
| E. coli | 7.0–7.49 (CFU) | |||
| Klebsiella pneumoniae (Carbapenemase resistant) | 5.28–5.98 (CFU) | |||
| Vancomycin resistant enterococci | 4.0–5.77 (CFU) | |||
| (38) | E. coli | 2.1–5.0 (CFU) | Wastewater contaminated surface water | Spain |
| (39) | E. coli | 3.95–4.32 (MPN) | Treated wastewater | Italy |
| C. perfringens | 5.69–5.81 (CFU) | |||
| Somatic coliphages | 5.18–5.23 (PFU) | |||
| Giardia lamblia | 1.46–1.56 (Cysts) | |||
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 0–1.34 (Oocysts) | |||
| (40) | Norovirus GII | 3.5–4.0 (GC) | Treated wastewater | France |
| Norovirus GI | 3.5–4.2 (GC) | |||
| Rotavirus | 4.0 (GC) | |||
| (41) | human adenovirus (HAdV) | 2.94–3.26 (GC) | Treated wastewater | Australia |
| human polyomavirus (HPyV) | 2.11–2.65 (GC) | |||
| human torque teno virus (HTtV) | 2.85–3.38 (GC) | |||
| Microviridae | 2.36–3.30 (GC) | |||
| (42) | E. coli | 0–4.0 (CFU) | Treated wastewater | China |
| (43) | E. coli | 0–5.89 (CFU) | Treated wastewater | Italy |
| Enterococci | 0–5.44 (CFU) | |||
| Sulphite-reducing Clostridium spores | 1–5.49 (CFU) | |||
| (44) | Fecal coliforms | 3.96 (CFU) | Treated wastewater | Israel |
| E. coli | 3.29 (CFU) | |||
| Enterococcus | 3.51 (CFU) | |||
| (45) | Cryptosporidiumparvum | 0–1.09 (Oocysts) | Treated wastewater | China |
| Giardia lamblia | 0–2.02 (Cysts) | |||
| (46) | Fecal coliforms | < 1.30 (MPN) | Treated wastewater | Jordan |
| (47) | E. coli | 3.81–4.47 (CFU) | Treated wastewater | Italy |
| (48) | E. coli | 2.9–6.7 (CFU) | Wastewater contaminated surface water | Brazil |
| (49) | Ascaris lumbricoides | 1-1.78 (Eggs) | Treated and untreated wastewater | India |
| T. trichiura | 0–0.30 (Eggs) | |||
| Hookworm | 0–0.95 (Eggs) | |||
| (50) | Cryptosporidium parvum | 0–1.04 (Oocysts) | Treated wastewater | Spain |
| Giardia lamblia | 0–0.78 (Cysts) | |||
| (51) | Giardia lamblia | < 1.72–4.24 (Cysts) | Treated wastewater | Costa Rica |
| < 0.76–3.95 (Cysts) | Mexico | |||
| < 1.26–3.26 (Cysts) | Panama | |||
| < 0.89–1.60 (Cysts) | USA | |||
| Cryptosporidium parvum | < 1.72–2.52 (Oocysts) | Costa Rica | ||
| < 0.76–3.19 (Oocysts) | Mexico | |||
| < 1.26–2.39 (Oocysts) | Panama | |||
| < 0.89–1.63 (Oocysts) | USA | |||
| (52) | Thermotolerant coliform | 7.0–10.0 (MPN) | Wastewater contaminated surface water | Ghana |
| E. coli | 5.2–8.5 (CFU) | |||
| Enterococci | 4.3–8.1 (CFU) | |||
| Somatic coliphages | 3.6–6.9 (PFU) | |||
| F+ coliphage | 3.3–5.7 (PFU) | |||
| (53) | Cryptosporidium parvum | < 1.23–2.30 (Oocysts) | Surface water/wastewater | Mexico |
| Giardia lamblia | < 1.23–3.21 (Cysts) | |||
| (54) | E. coli | 0.5 (MPN) | Type 2 reclaimed water | USA |
| Total coliphage | 2.1(PFU) | |||
| C. perfringens (total) | 0.60(CFU) | |||
| Norovirus GII | 2.4(GC) | |||
| Adenovirus A-F | 2.7(GC) | |||
| (55) | Fecal coliforms (100 ml) | 6.7 CFU | Treated wastewater (conventional activated sludge) | Iran |
| (56) | E. coli | 6.2 CFU | Treated wastewater | South Africa |
| (57) | E. coli | 0 CFU | Treated wastewater | Spain |
| (58) | Fecal Streptococci | 1.7–2.6 CFU | Treated wastewater | Morocco |
| Helminths | 0 Eggs/L |
*
Numbers before the reference refer to indication in Figure 1.
GC, Gene copies; MPN, Most Probable Number; CFU, Colony Forming Units; PFU, Plaque Forming Units.