Table 2.
Exposure used in the determination of diseases associated with wastewater irrigation from selected literature.
| Location | Health risks | Route of exposure | Type of wastewater | Authors |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mezquital Valley, Mexico | Diarrhea | Occupational exposure, aerosols exposure to resident, underground water contamination | Untreated wastewater | (4) |
| Uppsala, Sweden | Gastroenteritis (rotavirus-based) | Direct ingestion of greywater during maintenance | Treated greywater | (62) |
| Vietnam | Parasitic infection (Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura | Occupational exposure and consumption of vegetable | Partially treated and untreated wastewater | (63) |
| Brazil | Gastrointestinal infection (E. coli and rotavirus) | Consumption of salad crops | Partially treated wastewater | (64) |
| Bangkok, Thailand | Diarrhea (Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica) | Direct exposure | Untreated wastewater | (2) |
| Thailand and Canada | Gastroenteritis | Swimming, fishing, consuming canal water-irrigated vegetables, and ingesting/inhaling water or aerosols while working in canal water-irrigated fields | Wastewater contaminated Surface water | (65, 66) |
| Malamulele, South Africa | Parasitic infections (hookworm and G. lamblia) | Exposure via occupational consumption | Partially treated wastewater | (67) |
| Phnom Penh, Cambodia | Skin infection | Occupational exposure | Partially treated wastewater | (7) |
| Musi River, India | Skin infection/irritation | Exposure to infected source | Partially treated wastewater | (20) |
| Hyderabad, India | Intestinal parasitic infection | Occupational exposure | Partially treated and untreated wastewater | (68) |
| Vietnam | Escherichia coli infection (risk) | Occupational exposure | Untreated wastewater | (69) |
| Hanoi, Vietnam | Skin infection | Occupational exposure | Partially treated wastewater | (22) |
| Hanoi, Vietnam | Diarrhea | Children of occupationally exposed farmers | Partially treated wastewater | (70) |
| Faisalabad, Pakistan | Giardiasis | Occupational exposure | Untreated wastewater | (71) |
| Vietnam | Helminthic infection | Occupational exposure | Untreated wastewater | (72) |
| Nghe An Province, Vietnam | Helminthic infection | Occupational exposure | Partially treated wastewater | (73) |
| Marrakech, Morocco | Infection of Ascaris, Trichuris | Children resident in wastewater irrigated farmhouse | Untreated wastewater | (74) |
| Vietnam | Intestinal parasitic infection | Occupational exposure | Unknown | (75) |
Occupational exposure refers essentially to farmers.