Table 3. Selected publications on esophageal fistula formation or perforation in patients with esophageal cancer treated by stent placement alone, CCRT alone, or stent placement concomitant with CCRT.

^aFlamingo covered; Taewoong double lumen; FerX Ella partial covered; Niti S.

^bDostent; Ultraflex; Flamingo Wallstent; Niti S; FerX Ella; Gianturco Z stent; Wallflex; Polyflex.

^cPerforation 1.8%, fistula 3.7%.

^dPerforation 2.1%, fistula 2.1%.

Abbreviations: AdenoCa, adenocarcinoma; CI, confidence interval; CCRT, concurrent chemoradiation therapy; N/A, not applicable; RT, radiotherapy; SEMS, self‐expanding metal stents; SEPS, self‐expanding plastic stents; SqCC, squamous cell carcinoma.