| Animal movement |
Tanzania, Uganda, Cameroon, Togo/West Africa, Turkey, Zambia, Ethiopia, Japan, Pakistan, |
[39,42–43,47,49,51,53,54,60,62,63,88] |
| Animal trade |
Cameroon, Togo/West Africa, Iran, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Zambia, UK |
[39,51,54,55,65,62,88]
|
| High animal density |
Japan, Ethiopia, Iran, UK, Turkey |
[36,44,45,47,50,51,56] |
| Mixing of herds (around water points and on pastures) |
Uganda, Cameroon, Bhutan, Nigeria, Zambia, Ethiopia |
[43,49,59, 61,63,88] |
| Contacts between domestic animals and wildlife |
Tanzania, Nepal, Zambia, South Africa |
[42,53,54,62,64, 88] |
| Human activities and / or lack of compliance with biosecurity measures |
Tanzania, Nepal, UK, Japan |
[38,42,46,57,60] |
| Seasonal pattern of occurrence of FMD outbreaks |
Middle East, Uganda, South Africa |
[41,43,64] |
| Young animals identified as being most susceptible to infection |
Israel, Iran, Bolivia |
[48,58,65] |
| Lack of early screening/detection |
UK |
[52,55] |
| Shorter distances to the nearest infectious source |
UK |
[37,45] |
