Table 1. Baseline and follow-up mean, standard deviation, and range for echocardiographic parameters.
| Reference Intervals | Baseline Visit | Follow-up Visit | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Echo Indices | Healthy Dogs18,20–23 | Mean | SD | Range | Mean | SD | Range | P Value |
| %FS | 27–55 | 16.7 | 4.5 | 7.6–22.8 | 26.0 | 6.8 | 13.3–35.1 | <0.0001 |
| %FAC | >35 | 25.9 | 5.5 | 14.6–35.1 | 39.7 | 9.6 | 26.4–57.9 | <0.0009 |
| %EF | >40 | 35.3 | 7.2 | 18.7–46.8 | 54.0 | 11.3 | 39.5–74.9 | <0.0003 |
| LVIDs (cm) | 1.8–3.5 | 5.0 | 1.0 | 3.5–7.0 | 4.1 | 0.9 | 3–6.5 | <0.0001 |
| LA:Ao | >1.6 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 1.0–2.6 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1–1.8 | <0.0007 |
| LVIDd (cm) | 3.7–5.1 | 6.0 | 1.0 | 4.5–7.8 | 5.5 | 0.8 | 4.3–7.5 | 0.005 |
%FS = percent fractional shortening, %FAC = percent fractional area change, %EF = percent ejection fraction using the modified Simpson’s rule of discs, LVIDs = left ventricular internal diameter at end-systole, LA:Ao = left atrial to aortic diameter, LVIDd = left ventricular internal diameter at end-diastole. SD = standard deviation. P values < 0.05 are considered significant. Reference intervals established in healthy golden retrievers are available for %FS, LVIDs, and LVIDd18. Reference intervals established for %FAC, %EF, and LA:Ao are based on all breeds as breed-specific reference values are not available to the authors’ knowledge [22–25].