Table 1.
Mass yields, phenolic contents, and antioxidant capacities of extracts and fractions from three legume varieties.
| Fractions | TPC mg GAE/g | TFC (mg CAE/g) | CTC (mg CAE/g) | DPPH (μmol TE/g) | ORAC (μmol TE/g) | Mass Yield (g/100 g) | TPC Recovery (mg GAE/100 g) | % TPC Recovery | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lentil | Raw | Seed | 5.7 ± 0.1gA1 | 3.1 ± 0.0fA2 | 5.8 ± 0.3eA1 | 12.5 ± 0.3fA2 | 114.1 ± 6.2fA1 | |||
| CE | 38.7 ± 0.0fA1 | 14.1 ± 0.1dA1 | 44.7 ± 0.1dA1 | 356.8 ± 8.9dA1 | 761.2 ± 12.4eA1 | 13.81 | 534.4 | 100.00 | ||
| SPE | 491.3 ± 3.1bA1 | 184.0 ± 0.6aA2 | 513.8 ± 10.1bA2 | 3308.8 ± 51.6bA2 | 8268.8 ± 159.1cA1 | 1.00 | 491.3 | 91.93 | ||
| F1 | 55.8 ± 0.7eA | 5.4 ± 0.2eA | 6.7 ± 0.2eA | 64.8 ± 1.4eB | 962.0 ± 36.1eA | 0.18 | 10.0 | 1.88 | ||
| F2 | 114.1 ± 2.8dB | 13.8 ± 0.1dA | 9.8 ± 0.3eB | 92.7 ± 2.9eB | 3785.5 ± 79.5dB | 0.18 | 20.5 | 3.84 | ||
| F3 | 382.4 ± 2.5cB5 | 46.1 ± 0.7cB6 | 361.7 ± 5.9cB4 | 3027.8 ± 7.3cB4 | 8759.8 ± 307.4bB3 | 0.12 | 45.9 | 8.59 | ||
| F4 | 597.8 ± 5.1aB3 | 66.2 ± 0.7bB6 | 674.8 ± 24.0aB2 | 4802.9 ± 12.7aB2 | 10526.9 ± 263.2aB2 | 0.30 | 179.3 | 33.56 | ||
| Cooked | Seed | 2.6 ± 0.0gB3 | 1.4 ± 0.1fB5 | 5.1 ± 0.3deB2 | 12.4 ± 0.0fA2 | 51.0 ± 1.8gB4 | ||||
| CE | 20.2 ± 0.1fB4 | 5.5 ± 0.4dB5 | 14.8 ± 0.1dB4 | 91.6 ± 0.9eB5 | 349.3 ± 1.4fB5 | 11.12 | 224.6 | 100.00 | ||
| SPE | 303.1 ± 0.7cB4 | 125.7 ± 1.0cB3 | 303.8 ± 0.7cB3 | 1586.3 ± 13.0cB4 | 6738.9 ± 133.5cB2 | 0.55 | 166.7 | 74.22 | ||
| F1 | 46.3 ± 0.5eB | 2.6 ± 0.0eB | 3.9 ± 0.1eB | 97.2 ± 1.9eA | 957.0 ± 35.2eA | 0.08 | 3.7 | 1.65 | ||
| F2 | 136.6 ± 1.6dA | 2.5 ± 0.0efB | 11.6 ± 0.1deA | 158.3 ± 4.4dA | 5134.6 ± 178.6dA | 0.13 | 17.8 | 7.91 | ||
| F3 | 513.2 ± 1.4bA1 | 313.5 ± 1.1aA1 | 470.8 ± 11.5bA1 | 3379.9 ± 40.4bA2 | 14891.7 ± 262.0aA1 | 0.04 | 20.5 | 9.14 | ||
| F4 | 676.6 ± 10.6aA1 | 242.8 ± 0.7bA2 | 796.7 ± 9.5aA1 | 6192.3 ± 40.4aA1 | 12473.7 ± 260.8bA1 | 0.08 | 54.1 | 24.10 | ||
| Black soy-bean | Raw | Seed | 3.2 ± 0.1gA3 | 2.2 ± 0.0gA3 | 3.9 ± 0.0fB4 | 12.3 ± 0.5gA2 | 89.7 ± 2.0gA2 | |||
| CE | 24.6 ± 0.5fA2 | 10.3 ± 0.0fA3 | 14.2 ± 0.2dA5 | 139.5 ± 1.7fA4 | 463.4 ± 3.4fA3 | 19.45 | 478.5 | 100.00 | ||
| SPE | 268.1 ± 7.5cA5 | 108.8 ± 0.4cA5 | 126.5 ± 1.9cA4 | 948.6 ± 8.5cA5 | 4779.9 ± 98.2cA3 | 1.38 | 370.0 | 77.32 | ||
| F1 | 129.6 ± 0.7dA | 19.7 ± 0.1eA | 8.4 ± 0.3eA | 232.9 ± 0.0eA | 2839.1 ± 27.3eA | 0.27 | 35.0 | 7.31 | ||
| F2 | 114.3 ± 0.7eA | 20.9 ± 0.3dA | 0.0 ± 0.0fA | 283.2 ± 4.1dA | 3938.8 ± 63.9dA | 0.02 | 2.3 | 0.48 | ||
| F3 | 410.7 ± 2.2bA3 | 205.8 ± 1.0bA2 | 250.0 ± 2.5bA5 | 1899.3 ± 13.1bA5 | 9703.5 ± 78.2bA2 | 0.11 | 45.2 | 9.44 | ||
| F4 | 636.4 ± 0.0aA2 | 429.4 ± 0.0aA1 | 455.4 ± 5.6aA5 | 2785.1 ± 18.9aA5 | 10693.6 ± 70.4aA2 | 0.07 | 44.5 | 9.31 | ||
| Cooked | Seed | 1.9 ± 0.1fB4 | 1.0 ± 0.0fB6 | 4.5 ± 0.3dA3 | 7.0 ± 0.2gB3 | 62.5 ± 3.4eB3 | ||||
| CE | 8.2 ± 0.0eB5 | 1.61 ± 0.0fB6 | 0.8 ± 0.0fB6 | 18.0 ± 0.1fB6 | 181.3 ± 3.2eB6 | 17.93 | 147.0 | 100.00 | ||
| SPE | 122.4 ± 2.2bB6 | 27.9 ± 0.6cB6 | 18.3 ± 0.1bB5 | 219.7 ± 0.8cB6 | 3099.5 ± 13.6bB5 | 0.70 | 85.7 | 58.29 | ||
| F1 | 84.5 ± 0.6cB | 13.8 ± 0.1dB | 3.4 ± 0.2eB | 116.2 ± 1.1dB | 1953.1 ± 51.9dB | 0.27 | 22.8 | 15.52 | ||
| F2 | 53.9 ± 0.1dB | 10.9 ± 0.3eB | 0.0 ± 0.0gA | 102.4 ± 2.9eB | 2311.3 ± 123.7cB | 0.04 | 2.2 | 1.47 | ||
| F3 | 161.5 ± 2.7aB6 | 59.4 ± 0.6bB5 | 16.9 ± 0.0cB6 | 476.6 ± 8.2bB6 | 5913.3 ± 246.8aB6 | 0.13 | 21.0 | 14.28 | ||
| F4 | 160.2 ± 1.7aB6 | 89.4 ± 0.7aB5 | 22.5 ± 0.0aB6 | 899.8 ± 9.6aB6 | 2337.0 ± 66.0cB4 | 0.01 | 1.6 | 1.09 | ||
| Black turtle bean | Raw | Seed | 5.9 ± 0.1fA1 | 3.2 ± 0.2fA1 | 5.2 ± 0.4fA2 | 12.1 ± 0.3fB2 | 67.9 ± 1.7fA3 | |||
| CE | 39.0 ± 0.1eA1 | 12.1 ± 0.1eA2 | 40.9 ± 0.4dA2 | 290.9 ± 1.1dA2 | 506.4 ± 6.1eA2 | 14.08 | 549.1 | 100.00 | ||
| SPE | 479.1 ± 3.8aA2 | 196.8 ± 0.6bA1 | 566.8 ± 6.6bA1 | 3836.1 ± 26.6bA1 | 6824.8 ± 30.0bA2 | 0.97 | 464.7 | 84.63 | ||
| F1 | 87.3 ± 0.6dB | 24.5 ± 0.1dB | 19.4 ± 1.0eA | 228.6 ± 2.2eB | 2155.0 ± 19.3dB | 0.23 | 20.1 | 3.66 | ||
| F2 | 396.7 ± 1.8cB4 | 160.0 ± 0.0cB4 | 405.5 ± 1.4cA2 | 3245.3 ± 15.2cB3 | 7355.2 ± 146.6aA4 | 0.14 | 55.5 | 10.11 | ||
| F3 | 461.9 ± 0.4bB5 | 222.5 ± 1.8aA3 | 603.6 ± 3.8aA3 | 4259.8 ± 20.1aB4 | 6279.9 ± 12.9cB3 | 0.24 | 110.9 | 20.19 | ||
| Cooked | Seed | 3.4 ± 0.1fB2 | 2.0 ± 0.1fB4 | 3.9 ± 0.0eB4 | 18.4 ± 1.1fA1 | 42.0 ± 1.1fB5 | ||||
| CE | 21.3 ± 0.1eB3 | 6.3 ± 0.0eB4 | 18.6 ± 0.1dB3 | 147.2 ± 1.1eB3 | 362.0 ± 3.6eB4 | 13.26 | 282.4 | 100.00 | ||
| SPE | 325.8 ± 3.1cB3 | 118.1 ± 0.3cB4 | 303.8 ± 6.4cB3 | 2043.6 ± 30.9cB3 | 4575.8 ± 61.3cB4 | 0.75 | 244.4 | 86.53 | ||
| F1 | 119.8 ± 1.2dA | 30.1 ± 0.1dA | 18.4 ± 0.4dA | 284.7 ± 1.6dA | 3108.3 ± 22.5dA | 0.18 | 21.6 | 7.64 | ||
| F2 | 455.7 ± 3.3bA2 | 169.8 ± 2.4bA3 | 377.7 ± 6.5bB3 | 3420.5 ± 7.3bA1 | 6864.2 ± 34.5aB5 | 0.08 | 36.5 | 12.91 | ||
| F3 | 515.3 ± 3.4aA4 | 215.6 ± 1.1aB4 | 530.6 ± 4.7aB4 | 4343.8 ± 7.3aA3 | 6566.1 ± 94.0bA3 | 0.07 | 36.1 | 12.77 |
Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3); values followed by different lowercase letters are significantly different (p < 0.05) among different extracts and fractions within the same variety and processing condition (raw or cooked); values followed by different capital letters are significantly different (p < 0.05) between processing conditions within the same type of extract or fraction and variety; values followed by different numbers are significantly different (p < 0.05) across variety and processing condition but within the same type of extract or fraction. Seed: determined from the aqueous organic extract and expressed on seed weight; mass yield: the yield in grams per 100 g of bean on dry basis; TPC recovery: total phenolic content of extracts or fractions derived from 100 g of legume material; CE: crude extract; SPE: semi-purified extract; F1: fraction one; F2: fraction two; F3: fraction three; F4: fraction four. TPC: total phenolic content; TFC: total flavonoid content; CTC: condensed tannin content; DPPH: DPPH free radical scavenging activity; ORAC: oxygen radical absorption capacity.