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. 2018 May 24;84(1):30–40. doi: 10.1093/neuros/nyy128

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Copyright © 2018 by the Congress of Neurological Surgeons

This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model)

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FIGURE 4. — Possible mechanisms of action of cellular replacement therapy. After transplantation, stem cells can promote CNS repair through several mechanisms, such as cellular replacement, neurotrophic support, immunomodulation, and/or induction of plasticity at existing synapses. These mechanisms are not mutually exclusive. Reprinted by permission from SpringerNature: Nature Neuroscience. Kokai Z et al. Cross-talk between neural stem cells and immune cells: the key to better brain repair?¹²⁷ Copyright 2012.