Table 1.
Characteristic of the included studies and calculated training effects for strength and results on functional tests
| Study | Characteristics of participants | Intervention | Effects of flywheel training | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n/ sex/age (year) | Fitness level | Exercise | Reps or s x set | Rest between set (s) | Period (w) | Session/w | Results (%) | |
| Askling et al. 2003 [40] | 15/M/26 ± 4 | Well-trained | Leg curl | 8 × 4 | 60 | 10 | 1–2 | Horizontal movement (time): − 2.4 Maximal strength: + 17.1 |
| Bruseghini et al. 2015 [36] | 12/M/68 ± 4 | Moderately trained | Knee extensor | 7 × 4 | 180 | 8 | 3 | Hypertrophy (CSA): + 4.2 Hypertrophy (Volume/mass): + 4.9 Maximal strength: + 6.5 |
| Caruso et al. 2005 [41] | 10/M + F/59 ± 2 | Untrained | Leg press | 8 × 4 | 90 | 10 | 3 | Maximal strength: + 2.5 Hypertrophy (Volume/mass): + 3.9 |
| De Hoyo et al. 2015 [29] | 18/M/18 ± 1 | Well-trained | Squat and leg curl | 6 × 3–6 | 180 | 10 | 1–2 | Horizontal movement: − 1.5 Vertical movement: + 7.3 |
| Fernandez-Gonzalo et al. 2014 [27] | 32/M + F/24 ± 1 | Moderately trained | Leg press | 7 × 4 | 180 | 6 | 2–3 | Hypertrophy (volume/mass): + 5.0 Maximal strength: + 22.4 Power: + 5.3 Vertical movement: + 5.8 |
| Gual et al. 2016 [37] | 27/M + F/23 ± 4 | Well-trained | Squat | 8 × 4 | 120 | 24 | 1 | Power: + 59.2 Vertical movement: + 3.4 |
| Lundberg et al. 2013 [42] | 10/M/25 ± 4 | Moderately trained | Knee extensor | 7 × 4 | 120 | 5 | 2–3 | Hypertrophy (CSA): + 10.8 Hypertrophy (Volume/mass): + 10.7 Maximal strength: + 28.5 Power: + 26.1 |
| Lundberg et al. 2014 [43] | 10/M/26 ± 5 | Moderately trained | Knee extensor | 7 × 4 | 120 | 5 | 2–3 | Hypertrophy (CSA): + 4.1 Hypertrophy (Volume/mass): + 4.2 Maximal strength: + 10.8 Power: + 17.1 |
| Maroto-Izquierdo et al. 2017 [44] | 15/M/20 ± 1 | Well-trained | Knee extensor | 7 × 4 | 180 | 6 | 3 | Maximal strength: + 11.8 Power: + 15.3 Horizontal movement (time): − 10.8 Vertical movement: + 9.8 |
| Naczk et al. 2014 [6] | 33/M/21 ± 1 | Well-trained | Shoulder add och abd | 20 s × 3 | 120 | 4 | 3 | Maximal strength: + 13.5 Power: + 14.8 |
| Naczk et al. 2016 [26] | 37/M/21 ± 1 | Well-trained | Knee extensor | 15 s × 3 | 120 | 5 | 3 | Hypertrophy (Volume/mass): + 11.0 Maximal strength: + 25.7 Power: + 32.6 Vertical movement: + 10.8 |
| Naczk et al. 2016 [34] | 20/M/22 ± 1 | Well-trained | Elbow flexor and extensor | 15 s × 3 | 120 | 5 | 3 | Hypertrophy (Volume/mass): + 13.7 Maximal strength: + 14.4 Power: + 17.8 |
| Norrbrand et al. 2008 [2] | 7/M/39 ± 9 | Untrained | Knee extensor | 7 × 4 | 120 | 5 | 2–3 | Hypertrophy (Volume/mass): + 6.2 Maximal strength: + 7.6 Power: + 10.5 |
| Norrrbrand et al. 2010 [12] | 9/M/39 ± 5 | Untrained | Knee extensor | 7 × 4 | 120 | 5 | 2–3 | Maximal strength: + 8.2 |
| Núñez et al. 2018 [45] | 27/M/23 ± 3 | Well-trained | Squat and lunges | 7 × 4 | 180 | 6 | 2 | Hypertrophy (Volume/mass): + 6.1 Power: + 30.0 Horizontal movement (time): + 0.03 Vertical movement: + 5.0 |
| Onambele et al. 2008 [46] | 27/M/23 ± 3 | Untrained | Knee extensor | 8–12 × 1–4 | 300 | 12 | 3 | Power: + 27.8 |
| Owerkowicz et al. 2016 [47] | 17/M + F/22 ± 1 | Untrained | Knee extensor | 7 × 4 | 300 | 5 | 2 | Hypertrophy (CSA): + 9.9 Maximal strength: + 16.5 |
| Sabido et al. 2017 [48] | 11/M/24 ± 4* | Well-trained | Squat and lunges | 8 × 4 and 8 × 2 | 120 | 7 | 1 | Maximal strength: + 14.2 Power: + 38.2 Horizontal movement (time): −2.5 Vertical movement: + 6.0 |
| Seynnes et al. 2007 [15] | 7/M + F/20 ± 2 | Moderately trained | Knee extensor | 7 × 4 | 120 | 5 | 3 | Hypertrophy (CSA): + 6.9 Maximal strength: + 38.7 |
| Tesch et al. 2004 [16] | 10/M + F/39 ± 8 | Moderately trained | Knee extensor | 7 × 4 | 120 | 5 | 2–3 | Hypertrophy (Volume/mass): + 6.1 |
M man, F female, Add adduction, abd abduction, s seconds, w weeks, * combined age for both training and control groups