Table 1.
Pupillometry findings in glaucoma and in anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.
| Population | PLR Methods | Main findings | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kankipati et al. (17) | 16 glaucoma patients 19 healthy controls |
10 s light stimulus of blue (470 nm) or red (623 nm) to one eye after dilation (60°). Consensual PIPR: average pupil diameter over a period of 30 s, starting 10 s after light offset minus baseline pupil diameter |
Patients net PIPR (blue PIPR minus red PIPR) was significantly smaller than in controls and inversely correlated with the MD in visual field of the tested eye |
| Feigl et al. (16) | 25 glaucoma patients 16 healthy controls |
10 s blue (488 nm) and red (610 nm) stimuli presented to the right eye, and the consensual pupil response of the left eye was measured (7°) PIPR: average pupil diameter 20–50 s after light offset | The blue PIPR was significantly smaller between controls and patients with advanced glaucoma, as well as between early and advanced glaucoma patients |
| Nissen et al. (18) | 11 unilateral glaucoma patients 11 healthy controls |
10 s of darkness (baseline pupil), 20 s of exposure stimulus (red-660 nm and blue-470 nm) and 50 s of darkness (post-exposure). The area under the curve (AUC) of consensual pupil was calculated for: (1) during the 20 s of light-on, (2) during the first 10 s after light was turned off and (3) from 10 to 30 s after light was turned off (AUC30–50 s) | The pupillary response to blue light was decreased in the glaucomatous eyes of unilateral glaucoma. In the unaffected eyes, the pupillary response to blue light did not differ from that of healthy controls |
| Rukmini et al. (42) | 40 glaucoma patients 161 healthy controls |
Narrowband blue (469 nm) or red (631 nm) (After 1 min dark adaptation). Pupillary constriction amplitude (%) after 2-min irradiance of gradually increasing light stimuli (ranging from 6.8 to 13.8 Log photons/cm2/s) | In glaucomatous eyes, reduced pupillary responses to high-irradiance blue light were associated with greater visual field loss (MD) and optic disc cupping |
| Kelbsch et al. (43) | 25 glaucoma patients 16 Ocular Hypertension (OH) patients 16 healthy controls |
28 lx, red (605 nm) or blue (420 nm) light with a duration of either 1 or 4 s. The consensual PIPR was recorded | PIPR blue-red was reduced in glaucoma patients compared to normals (p < 0.001) and OH (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference between OH and controls. PIPR was inversely correlated with MD in the tested eye |
| Münch et al. (27) | 11 LHON patients 11 glaucoma patients 22 healthy controls |
Post-stimulus pupil size at 6 s from light offset (1 s stimulus red and blue) was recorded before, and immediately after light exposure (2 h of bright light exposure) | Only glaucoma patients demonstrated a relative attenuation PRL and at advanced stages of disease also melatonin suppression abnormal response |
| Adhikari et al. (44) | 12 glaucoma suspects 22 early glaucoma patients 12 late glaucoma patients 21 healthy controls |
(After 10 min dark adaptation) Post-stimulus pupil size at 6 s from light offset (1 s, blue-464 nm, 15.5 log quanta.cm−2 s−1 blue light presented in the supero-nasal quadrant field) | Supero-nasal field melanopsin PIPR measurements differentiated mRGC dysfunction in glaucoma suspects and early glaucoma from healthy controls and showed a linear correlation with RNFL thickness |
| Najjar et al. (45) | 46 early stage glaucoma patients 90 controls |
Pupillary constriction amplitude (%) after 2-min irradiance of gradually increasing light stimuli (ranging from 8.5 to 14.5 Log photons/cm2/s) for blue light (462 nm) and (from 8.5 to 14 Log photons/cm2/s) for red light (638 nm) | Maximum amplitude of pupil constriction was reduced in patients with early-stage glaucoma compared with controls for blue and red stimuli. This reduction was dependent on the irradiance of the light exposure, and showed a linear correlation with RNFL thickness |
| Herbst et al. (23) | 10 unilateral NAION patients 11 controls |
Consensual pupil responses during and after exposure to continuous 20 s blue (470 nm) or red (660 nm) light of high intensity (300 cd/m2) were recorded in each eye | Compared with the responses of the controls, the blue light post-illumination pupil responses were similar in the affected eyes and increased in the fellow non-affected eyes. This suggests a possible adaptive phenomenon, of ipRGCs in both eyes |
| Tsika et al. (22) | 10 unilateral NAION patients 8 bilateral AION patients (1 NAION and 7 AION associated with optic disc drusen) 29 controls |
Post-stimulus pupil size (PSPS) at 6 s following monocular as well as binocular light stimulation of 1 s (red-635 nm, blue-464 nm) at different intensities (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 log cd/m2) | PSPS to all monocularly-presented light stimuli were impaired in AION eyes. To binocular light stimulation, the PSPS of AION patients was similar to controls |