Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of ET cases who had died vs. did not die during prospective follow-up.
| All ET Cases | Deceased | Living | Significance (Deceased vs. Living) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 141 | N = 27 | N = 114 | ||
| Age (years) | 81.1 ± 8.8 | 89.2 ± 5.2 | 79.2 ± 8.4 | p <0.001a |
| Female gender | 85 (60.3) | 17 (63.0) | 68 (59.6) | p = 0.76b |
| White race | 139 (98.6) | 27 (100.0) | 112 (98.2) | p = 1.00c |
| Education (years) | 15.5 ± 2.8 | 15.0 ± 3.0 | 15.7 ± 2.8 | p = 0.26a |
| Number of prescription medications | 6.5 ± 4.9 [5.0] | 8.5 ± 5.7 [7.0] | 6.0 ± 4.5 [5.0] | p = 0.005d |
| Current cigarette smoker | 4 (2.8) | 1 (3.7) | 3 (2.6) | p = 0.58c |
| Age of tremor onset (years) | 40.5 ± 23.0 [40.0] | 46.3 ± 23.4 [55.0] | 39.2 ± 22.8 [40.0] | p = 0.14d |
| Total tremor score | 21.1 ± 6.0 | 21.8 ± 6.5 | 20.9 ± 6.0 | p = 0.50a |
| MoCA score | 23.8 ± 4.0 [25.0] | 21.1 ± 4.7 [22.0] | 24.3 ± 3.7 [25.0] | p < 0.001d |
| Cognitive Diagnosis* | p = 0.001b | |||
| Normal cognition | 94 (67.6) | 11 (40.7) | 83 (74.1) | |
| MCI | 28 (20.1) | 8 (29.6) | 20 (17.9) | |
| Dementia | 17 (12.2) | 8 (29.6) | 9 (8.0) | |
| CDR**# | p < 0.001b | |||
| 0 | 77 (61.6) | 6 (27.3) | 71 (68.9) | |
| 0.5 | 34 (27.2) | 9 (40.9) | 25 (24.3) | |
| 1 | 9 (7.2) | 2 (9.1) | 7 (6.8) | |
| 2 | 5 (4.0) | 5 (22.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 3 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Cognitive Domain | ||||
| Memory | −0.34 ± 1.03 [−0.14] | −1.05 ± 1.19 [−1.28] | −0.17 ± 0.91 [0.004] | p < 0.001d |
| Executive Function | −0.14 ± 0.80 [0.02] | −0.70 ± 1.00 [−0.69] | −0.01 ± 0.68 [0.10] | p = 0.001d |
| Attention | −0.09 ± 0.97 | −0.47 ± 0.77 | −0.02 ± 0.99 | p = 0.04a |
| Visuospatial Abilities | 0.39 ± 0.79 | 0.33 ± 0.75 | 0.41 ± 0.80 | p = 0.64a |
| Language | −0.50 ± 0.98 [−0.32] | −0.87 ± 1.22 [−0.57] | −0.42 ± 0.90 [−0.31] | p = 0.12d |
| GDS | 6.9 ± 5.6 [6.0] | 9.0 ± 5.4 [8.0] | 6.4 ± 5.6 [5.0] | p = 0.01d |
| ABC | 51.5 ± 29.5 [52.5] | 29.2 ± 23.0 [23.3] | 56.2 ± 28.7 [61.7] | p < 0.0001d |
| Number of falls reported during past year | 1.3 ± 3.1 | 2.9 ± 6.3 [2.0] | 1.3 ± 2.7 [0.0] | p = 0.056d |
| Number of tandem missteps | 5.7 ± 4.1 [6.0] | 9.6 ± 1.4 [10] | 4.9 ± 4.0 [4.0] | p < 0.0001d |
Values are number (percentage) or mean ± standard deviation [median].
*
2 individuals had cognitive impairment but were not classified as MCI or dementia.
**
Some values are missing if no informant was available.
#
Percentage represents a column percentage.
Bolded values are statistically significant (p < 0.05).
ABC, Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale Short Form; CDR, Clinical Dementia Rating; ET, essential tremor; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment.
a
Student t-test.
b
Chi-square test.
c
Fisher's Exact test.
d
Mann-Whitney test.