Table 1.

Childhood trauma and cognitive function in patients at ultra-high risk of psychosis, patients with first-episode psychosis and healthy participants.

Study	Participants (Patients/Healthy participants) N	Gender (Patients/Healthy participants) Male : Female	Age (Patients/Healthy participants) Mean/SD	Stress questionnaire	Cognitive domains and tests	Main findings – CT and cognitive performance
Patients at ultra-high risk of psychosis
Ucok et al., 2015	UHR = 53	UHR = 39 : 14	UHR = 21.10 ± 4.80	CTQ (28-item version)	•Rey auditory verbal learning test for verbal learning and memory •Stroop task for executive function, cognitive flexibility and processing speed •WCST for executive function and working memory •Continuous performance test for sustained attention •WAIS-R, trail making test and N-Back task for working memory	•UHR with physical trauma performed worse in contrast to UHR w/o physical trauma on executive function •Significant negative correlation between physical neglect and working memory in UHR with CT •No significant differences between UHR with or w/o emotional trauma, sexual trauma, emotional neglect and general cognitive ability, memory and executive function
Patients with first-episode psychosis and healthy participants
Aas et al., 2012a	FEP = 83 HP = 63	FEP = 52 : 32 HP = 26 : 37	FEP = 27.40 ± 7.90 HP = 28.00 ± 7.70	CECA-Q	•NART for premorbid IQ •WAIS-R for full-scale IQ, attention, concentration, processing speed, verbal fluency, visuo-spatial perception and verbal intelligence •Rey auditory verbal learning test and WMS-R for verbal learning and memory •Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests and WAIS-R for working memory and executive function	•CT was significantly negatively correlated with performance on general cognitive ability and executive function in FEP when contrasted to HP
Aas et al., 2011	FEP = 138 HP = 138	FEP= 73 : 65 HP = 64 : 74	FEP = 30.6 ± 10.9 HP = 32.2 ± 9.3	CECA-Q	•NART for premorbid IQ •WAIS-R for full-scale IQ •WMS-R for verbal and visual learning and memory, executive functions and working memory, attention, mental speed, language, visuo-construction/ •perceptual abilities, verbal intelligence •WAIS-R for attention,/concentration and processing speed, language, verbal intelligence	•In FEP with CT, significant associations between CT events and poorer performance on general cognitive ability when compared to FEP w/o CT

Abbreviations: CECA-Q, Childhood Experience of Care Abuse Questionnaire; CT, Childhood trauma; CTQ, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; FEP, patients with first-episode psychosis; HP, healthy participants; IQ, intelligence quotient; NART, National Adult Reading Test; UHR, Ultra – high risk subjects of schizophrenia; WAIS-III, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - III; WAIS-R, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Revised; WCST, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; WMS-III, Wechsler Memory Scale; WMS-R, Wechsler Memory Scale – Revised; WTAR, Wechsler Test of Adult Reading.