Table 3.
Cox Regression Models for the Association Between Negative Symptom Profile at First Presentation and Multiple Treatment Failure Over Time in Early-Onset Psychosis (n = 618)
| Multiple Treatment Failure | Socio-demographic adjustment aHR (95% CI) | + Diagnosis and Severity aHR (95% CI) | + Substance Misuse and Family History aHR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| ≥2 baseline Marder NS | 1.66 (1.12–2.42)* | 1.59 (1.06–2.40)* | 1.62 (1.07–2.46)* |
| Female gender | 1.08 (0.73–1.62) | 1.15 (0.76–1.74) | 1.07 (0.71–1.64) |
| Mean age at referral (SD) | 1.25 (1.09–1.45)** | 1.29 (1.10–1.49)** | 1.27 (1.09–1.49)** |
| Ethnicity, N (%) | |||
| White | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Black | 1.95 (1.23–3.09)** | 1.72 (1.08–2.76)* | 1.78 (1.11–2.87)* |
| Asian | 1.16 (0.48–2.77) | 1.10 (0.46–2.67) | 1.33 (0.58–3.26) |
| Mixed | 1.51 (0.80–2.86) | 1.43 (0.75–2.73) | 1.63 (0.84–3.17) |
| Not stated | —a | — | — |
| Neighborhood characteristics, N (%)a | |||
| 1st (least deprived) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 2nd | 0.60 (0.35–1.04) | 0.69 (0.39–1.19) | 0.66 (0.37–1.17) |
| 3rd | 0.55 (0.31–0.96)* | 0.61 (0.35–1.08) | 0.56 (0.31–0.98) |
| 4th (most deprived) | 0.55 (0.31–0.97)* | 0.61 (0.34–1.08) | 0.62 (0.34–1.11) |
| First ICD-10 psychosis diagnosis, N (%) | |||
| Other psychosesb | Reference | Reference | |
| Bipolar disorder / F30, F31 | 1.57 (0.69–3.56) | 1.54 (0.67–3.56) | |
| Drug-induced psychosis / F1x.x5 | 0.82 (0.27–2.51) | 0.92 (0.29–2.96) | |
| Schizophrenia / F20 | 0.85 (0.50–1.45) | 0.78 (0.45–1.32) | |
| Schizoaffective / F25 | 2.42 (0.87–6.85) | 2.22 (0.78–6.34) | |
| Psychotic depression / F32.3, F33.3 | 1.39 (0.62–3.08) | 1.15 (0.50–2.60) | |
| Comorbid neuropsychiatric disorders, N (%) | |||
| Autism spectrum disorder | 1.73 (1.06–2.82)* | 1.70 (1.03–2.79)* | |
| Other neurodevelopmental disorder | 0.74 (0.41–1.33) | 0.68 (0.38–1.24) | |
| Major depressive disorder | 0.68 (0.39–1.15) | 0.69 (0.41–1.20) | |
| Positive symptoms | |||
| 1st (lowest quartile) | Reference | Reference | |
| 2nd | 0.89 (0.36–2.15) | 0.83 (0.32–2.13) | |
| 3rd | 1.18 (0.53–2.65) | 1.09 (0.48–2.46) | |
| 4th (highest quartile) | 1.97 (0.92–4.21) | 1.83 (0.84–3.98) | |
| First degree relative with psychotic disorder | 2.11 (1.35–3.30)** | ||
| Substance misuse | |||
| Cannabis | 1.07 (0.67–1.70) | ||
| Cocaine or crack | 0.68 (0.36–1.31) | ||
| Amphetamines | 1.20 (0.27–5.43) | ||
| MDMA | 0.55 (0.07–4.34) | ||
Note: HR, hazard ratio; MTF, multiple treatment failure; MDMA, 3,4- Methylenedioxymethamphetamine; NS, negative symptoms.
aVariable dropped due to 0 values in cell.
bSee corresponding footnote table 2.
*P < .05; **P < .01.