Table 2.

Meta-analysis of the risk factors associated with victimization

Risk factors	Studies k	Victimized N	Total N	Random OR (95% CI)	Z	I2 (%)	p
Clinical factors
Higher overall symptoms score	3	248	1474	1.03 (0.98–1.08)	1.11	86	0.27
Longer duration/worse outcome	8	967	6219	1.19 (0.88–1.63)	1.12	64	0.26
Lower global functioning	3	383	2841	1.11 (0.85–1.44)	0.75	42	0.46
Higher positive symptoms score	4	370	1916	1.23 (0.97–1.55)	1.74	87	0.08
Delusion	3	344	1678	1.69 (1.16–2.46)	2.76	60	< 0.01
Hallucinations	4	437	2466	1.70 (1.41–2.06)	5.51	0	< 0.001
Higher negative symptoms score	4	370	1915	0.95 (0.75–2.34)	0.60	49	0.55
Higher manic symptoms score	3	587	2725	1.66 (1.27–2.17)	3.73	73	< 0.001
Higher depression score	4	633	3071	1.29 (0.89–1.86)	1.36	88	0.17
Past hospitalization	3	326	1233	1.06 (0.70–1.59)	0.26	44	0.79
Type of psychotic diagnosis	3	492	2803	1.01 (0.62–1.66)	0.04	78	0.97
Lower age of onset/age at first admission	5	586	3543	1.38 (0.97–1.97)	1.79	83	0.07
Behavioral related factors
Drug abuse or dependence	4	529	3461	1.90 (1.16–3.12)	2.53	71	0.01
Alcohol abuse or dependence	4	523	3450	2.05 (1.17–3.56)	2.53	71	0.01
Perpetration of a crime	5	693	4426	4.33 (2.53–7.41)	5.34	81	< 0.001
Socio-demographic factors
Younger age	9	1058	5484	1.02 (0.96–1.08)	0.51	83	0.51
Lower education level	4	529	3473	0.98 (0.85–1.13)	0.30	0	0.76
Ethnicity	3	492	2803	1.32 (0.91–1.92)	1.46	35	0.14
Unemployed	7	853	3845	1.31 (1.04–1.64)	2.32	23	0.02
Less income	4	423	2960	1.49 (0.83–2.67)	1.35	76	0.19
Homeless	6	934	5417	2.49 (2.00–3.08)	8.28	6	< 0.01
Living alone	3	339	618	1.23 (0.90–1.68)	1.30	0	0.19
Marital status single	5	586	3539	1.29 (0.85–1.95)	1.21	56	0.22
Gender female	9	1111	5029	1.02 (0.80–1.30)	0.17	59	0.87