Fig. 2.

Venn diagram of mycobacterial tests (conventional ZN, modified ZN with cytospin, Xpert and culture).

CZN; conventional Ziehl–Neelsen smear, MZN; modified Ziehl–Neelsen smear, Xpert; Xpert MTB/RIF (Cepheid), culture; mycobacterial culture by MGIT (Becton Dickinson, USA) (Vietnam and South Africa) or MODS (Indonesia). For each test, the number of positive results is shown divided by the number of tests performed. Test denominators (CZN 174, MZN with cytospin 172, Xpert 174, culture 172) refer to the number of definite cases of TBM for which each test was performed.