Table 4.
A univariate and multivariate analysis of factors associated with microbiological confirmation of TBM.
| Factor | Univariate model |
Multivariate model |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio | 95% CI | P value | Odds ratio | 95% CI | P value | |
| Age (years) | 0.984 | 0.970–0.998 | 0.028 | 0.968 | 0.946–0.990 | 0.004 |
| Female sex | 0.72 | 0.48–1.08 | 0.115 | 0.58 | 0.33–1.03 | 0.060 |
| TBM MRC Grade | 0.101 | 0.054 | ||||
| TBM MRC Grade 2 (compared to Grade 1) | 1.61 | 1.00–2.58 | 0.049 | 0.94 | 0.46–1.92 | 0.870 |
| TBM MRC Grade 3 (compared to Grade 1) | 1.07 | 0.55–2.10 | 0.840 | 0.32 | 0.11–0.94 | 0.037 |
| HIV negative | 2.49 | 1.47–4.22 | <0.001 | 2.07 | 0.71–5.99 | 0.180 |
| Not received BCG | 1.78 | 1.08–2.94 | 0.022 | 1.67 | 0.77–3.63 | 0.190 |
| Location | 0.011 | 0.032 | ||||
| Located in Indonesia (compared to Vietnam) | 0.98 | 0.62–1.55 | 0.920 | 0.19 | 0.06–0.65 | 0.007 |
| Located in South Africa (compared to Vietnam) | 0.43 | 0.24–0.76 | 0.004 | 0.22 | 0.03–1.44 | 0.110 |
| CSF volume (ml) | 0.95 | 0.88–1.02 | 0.138 | 1.30 | 1.04–1.63 | 0.021 |
| CSF appearance | 0.223 | 0.139 | ||||
| Cloudy (compared to clear) | 1.35 | 0.43–4.26 | 0.610 | 0.25 | 0.05–1.19 | 0.080 |
| Mild cloudy/opalescent (compared to clear) | 1.66 | 0.92–3.00 | 0.090 | 0.56 | 0.21–1.45 | 0.230 |
| CSF colour | <0.001 | 0.765 | ||||
| Bloody (compared to colourless) | 1.39 | 0.41–4.74 | 0.590 | 0.76 | 0.15–3.84 | 0.740 |
| White (compared to colourless) | 4.93 | 0.96–25.41 | 0.060 | 1.49 | 0.18–12.22 | 0.710 |
| Yellow (compared to colourless) | 3.26 | 1.92–5.55 | <0.001 | 0.68 | 0.28–1.62 | 0.380 |
| CSF neutrophil percentage | 1.015 | 1.007–1.024 | <0.001 | 1.007 | 0.996–1.018 | 0.240 |
| CSF:blood glucose ratio | 0.002 | 0.00–0.07 | <0.001 | 0.01 | 0–0.12 | <0.001 |
| Log2 CSF Lactate | 4.70 | 2.95–7.50 | <0.001 | 3.37 | 1.25–9.12 | 0.012 |
| Log10 CSF Protein | 8.99 | 5.06–15.98 | <0.001 | 1.52 | 0.53–4.35 | 0.430 |
| Log2 symptom duration (days) | 1.05 | 0.88–1.24 | 0.550 | 1.04 | 0.80–1.35 | 0.760 |
Odds ratios are displayed for an increase in 1 unit of each variable. For categorical variables with more than 2 levels (location, TBM Grade, CSF appearance, CSF colour) the multivariate Wald test was used. MRC grade; denotes modified British Medical Research Council criteria. Grade 1 indicates a Glasgow coma score of 15 with no neurological signs, grade 2 a score of 11–14 (or 15 with focal neurological signs), and grade 3 a score of 10 or less, BCG; Bacillus Calmette–Guerin vaccine, CSF; cerebrospinal fluid, CI; confidence interval. Data shown for 613 patients (5 patients excluded, due to missing clinical diagnostic score for TBM (n = 2), or due to missing baseline lumbar puncture (n = 3)).