Table 10.

Empirical Results.

Parameter		CSM	SM	DM	CLPM3	CLPM5	MCSM	MLM
Indirect	estimate	−0.042	0.008	0.005	−0.005	−0.003	0.081	−0.001
	se	0.015	0.016	0.008	0.002	0.001	0.005	0.001
	p-val	0.005	0.601	0.526	0.024	0.040	<0.001	0.181
Direct	estimate	0.725	0.367	−0.044	0.098	0.099	0.631	0.052
	se	0.029	0.037	0.041	0.029	0.021	0.010	0.008
	p-val	<0.001	<0.001	0.289	0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
$a$	estimate	−0.693	−0.584	−0.365	−0.125	−0.099	−0.375	−0.072
	se	0.046	0.050	0.194	0.031	0.023	0.018	0.014
	p-val	<0.001	<0.001	0.060	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
$b$	estimate	0.060	−0.014	−0.014	0.039	0.025	−0.200	0.013
	se	0.021	0.027	0.021	0.014	0.011	0.005	0.008
	p-val	0.004	0.600	0.504	0.006	0.019	<0.001	0.116
$x$	estimate			0.451	0.618	0.637	0.189	0.230
	se			0.083	0.20	0.014	0.100	0.016
	p-val			<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.058	<0.001
$m$	estimate			0.108	0.648	0.691	0.185	0.212
	se			0.099	0.022	0.016	0.021	0.010
	p-val			0.275	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
$y$	estimate			0.009	0.537	0.545	0.063	0.156
	se			0.097	0.027	0.020	0.021	0.030
	p-val			0.929	<0.001	<0.001	0.003	<0.001

Note. CSM = cross-sectional mediation; SM = sequential mediation; DM = dynamic mediation; CLPM = cross-lagged panel mediation; MCSM = multilevel cross-sectional mediation; MLM = multilevel longitudinal mediation.