Fig. 5.

A personal cancer mutanome infrastructure for the development of personalized treatment using breast cancer as a case study. The entire infrastructure contains four core components: performing tumor genetic and genomic testing (A), identifying actionable biomarkers that may guide the personalized therapies using bioinformatics and computational biology tools (e.g., protein structure hotspot clustering shown in Table 3) (B), pre-clinical validation (in vitro or in vivo functional assays) (C), and guiding the application of monotherapies or combination therapies based on steps 1–3 (D).