Table 1. Baseline Sociodemographic Characteristics, Symptomatic And Functional Outcome, And Service Use Of Young Adults With A First-Episode Psychosis (Fep) And Treated With A Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotic (Lai-Ap) For At Least 12 Months During 3-Year Follow-Up Compared To Those Treated With An Oral Antipsychotic Medication (Oap).
| BASELINE | 12 MONTHS | 24 MONTHS | 36 MONTHS | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LAI-AP N = 100 | OAP N = 275 | P-VALUE | LAI-AP N = 97 | OAP N = 210 | P-VALUE | LAI-AP N = 92 | OAP N = 188 | P-VALUE | LAI-AP N = 85 | OAP N = 161 | P-VALUE | |||||||||||||
| Baseline sociodemographics | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Age, mean (s.d) | 22,9 (3,4) |
23,4 (3,6) |
0,170 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||||||||
| Male, n (%) | 84 (84,0) |
203 (73,8) |
0,040 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||||||||
| Diagnosis*, n (%) | <0,001 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||||||||||
| - Schizophrenia spectrum | 86 (86,0) |
144 (52,4) |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||||||||||
| - Affective psychosis | 10 (10,0) |
89 (32,4) |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||||||||||
| - Psychosis NOS/delusional disorder/reactive psychosis | 4 (4,0) |
42 (15,3) |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||||||||||
| Cluster B personality disorders, n (%) | 30 (30,0) |
74 (27,0) |
0,603 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||||||||
| Immigration status, n (%) | 0,445 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||||||||||
| - Non-immigrant | 50 (50,0) |
153 (55,6) |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||||||||||
| - FGIa | 30 (30,0) |
65 (23,6) |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||||||||||
| - SGIb | 20 (20,0) |
57 (20,7) |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||||||||||
| Last completed diploma, n (%) | <0,001 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||||||||||
| - No diploma | 57 (57,0) |
89 (33,1) |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||||||||||
| - High school, completed | 30 (30,0) |
98 (36,4) |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||||||||||
| - Post high school diploma | 13 (13,0) |
82 (30,5) |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||||||||||
| Years of education, n (%) | <0,001 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||||||||||
| - Less than 11 years | 71 (71,0) |
135 (50,2) |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||||||||||
| - More than 11 years | 29 (29,0) |
134 (49,8) |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||||||||||
| Employment best in lifetime, n (%) | 0,051 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||||||||||
| - Full time/Part time/Stay-at-home parent/Rehabilitation | 91 (91,0) |
225 (82,7) |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||||||||||
| - None | 9 (9,0) |
47 (17,3) |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||||||||||
| Income**, best in lifetime, n (%) | 0,021 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||||||||||
| - Independent income | 90 (90,0) |
214 (79,9) |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||||||||||
| - Government income security/Dependent of family | 10 (10,0) |
54 (20,1) |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||||||||||
| Living arrangements best in lifetime***, n (%) | 0,830 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||||||||||
| - Living independently | 66 (66,7) |
182 (66,9) |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||||||||||
| - Living with parents | 33 (33,3) |
89 (32,7) |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||||||||||
| - Homelessness | 0 (0) | 1 (0,4) |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||||||||||
| History of childhood trauma, n (%) | 40 (62,5) |
52 (43,7) |
0,020 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||||||||
| Homelessness history, n (%) | 33 (33,0) |
29 (10,8) |
<0,001 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||||||||
| History of legal problems before admission, n (%) | 36 (36,0) |
57 (21,5) |
0,007 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||||||||
| Symptomatology PANSSc, mean (s.d) |
79,6 (11,8) |
77,1 (15,6) |
0,358 | 59,1 (17,3) |
54,5 (14,6) |
0,120 | 55,2 (14,6) |
48,5 (13,1) |
0,013 | 54,3 (2,5) |
45,6 (12,1) |
0,002 | ||||||||||||
| - Positive symptoms | 20,1 (5,2) |
19,6 (6,1) |
0,673 | 13,0 (5,2) |
12,1 (4,9) |
0,353 | 12,0 (4,3) |
10,0 (3,6) |
0,011 | 11,4 (4,6) |
9,4 (3,4) |
0,015 | ||||||||||||
| - Negative symptoms | 23,2 (4,7) |
21,8 (5,9) |
0,201 | 17,5 (5,8) |
15,7 (4,8) |
0,063 | 16,5 (5,0) |
14,0 (4,9) |
0,010 | 16,2 (4,7) |
13,0 (4,6) |
0,001 | ||||||||||||
| - General symptoms | 36,4 (5,9) |
35,6 (7,0) |
0,562 | 28,6 (7,2) |
26,7 (6,2) |
0,128 | 26,8 (6,3) |
24,5 (5,9) |
0,058 | 26,7 (6,8) |
23,1 (5,3) |
0,004 | ||||||||||||
| CDSd, mean (s.d) | 6,0 (3,5) |
6,4 (3,8) |
0,544 | 3,3 (3,0) |
3,0 (2,5) |
0,618 | 3,3 (3,6) |
2,3 (2,6) |
0,086 | 2,9 (3,1) |
1,6 (2,4) |
0,029 | ||||||||||||
| CGIe, mean (s.d) | 5,0 (0,7) |
4,8 (1,0) |
0,022 | 3,7 (1,3) |
2,8 (1,2) |
<0,001 | 3,4 (1,1) |
2,7 (1,3) |
<0,001 | 3,6 (1,1) |
2,9 (1,2) |
<0,001 | ||||||||||||
| Substance use disorder, n (%) | 63 (63,0) |
131 (47,6) |
0,008 | 59 (60,2) |
63 (30,4) |
<0,001 | 51 (56,0) |
51 (27,6) |
<0,001 | 44 (52,4) |
42 (26,6) |
<0,001 | ||||||||||||
| - alcohol | 18 (18,0) |
52 (18,9) |
0,882 | 21 (21,4) |
28 (13,5) |
0,095 | 17 (18,7) |
26 (14,1) |
0,378 | 15 (17,9) |
23 (14,6) |
0,578 | ||||||||||||
| - cannabis | 57 (57,0) |
111 (40,4) |
0,005 | 49 (50,0) |
52 (25,1) |
<0,001 | 43 (47,3) |
37 (20,0) |
<0,001 | 38 (45,2) |
32 (20,3) |
<0,001 | ||||||||||||
| - cocaine | 6 (6,0) |
20 (7,3) |
0,820 | 9 (9,2) |
10 (4,8) |
0,202 | 9 (9,9) |
8 (4,3) |
0,107 | 4 (4,8) |
7 (4,4) |
1,000 | ||||||||||||
| - amphetamines | 19 (19,0) |
31 (11,3) |
0,059 | 16 (16,3) |
11 (5,3) |
0,004 | 15 (16,5) |
8 (4,3) |
0,001 | 14 (16,7) |
10 (6,3) |
0,013 | ||||||||||||
| - others | 3 (3,0) |
6 (2,2) |
0,705 | 2 (2,0) |
3 (1,4) |
0,658 | 2 (2,2) |
2 (1,1) |
0,601 | 0 (0) |
3 (1,9) |
0,553 | ||||||||||||
| GAFf best in lifetime, mean (s.d.) | 58,4 (10,6) |
62,8 (11,0) |
<0,001 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||||||||
| GAF, mean (s.d.) |
28,3 (8,5) |
30,6 (10,2) |
0,041 | 45,4 (12,4) |
53,0 (13,3) |
<0,001 | 47,6 (11,8) |
53,2 (13,9) |
0,001 | 46,7 (11,5) |
53,6 (13,2) |
<0,001 | ||||||||||||
| SOFASg, best in lifetime, mean (s.d.) | 59,6 (9,1) |
62,7 (11,3) |
0,013 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||||||||
| SOFAS, mean (s.d) | 32,1 (10,9) |
34,3 (13,2) |
0,130 | 48,5 (11,9) |
54,5 (12,9) |
<0,001 | 51,0 (11,1) |
55,2 (13,6) |
0,011 | 51,1 (10,6) |
56,5 (11,8) |
0,001 | ||||||||||||
| QLSh, mean (s.d) | 45,1 (19,7) |
51,7 (22,4) |
0,102 | 60,5 (27,6) |
73,9 (27,2) |
0,011 | 65,5 (22,5) |
82,2 (25,5) |
0,001 | 64,2 (20,1) |
82,6 (23,8) |
<0,001 | ||||||||||||
| Marital status, n (%) | 0,730 | 0,290 | 0,246 | 0,286 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| - Single | 84 (84,0) |
229 (83,3) |
85 (85,9) |
170 (82,1) |
78 (85,7) |
142 (78,0) |
75 (86,2) |
124 (77,5) |
||||||||||||||||
| - Boyfriend/Girlfriend | 9 (9,0) |
31 (11,3) |
7 (7,1) |
26 (12,6) |
9 (9,9) |
26 (14,3) |
8 (9,2) |
22 (13,8) |
||||||||||||||||
| - Separated/Divorced | 3 (3,0) |
4 (1,5) |
3 (3,0) |
2 (1,0) |
2 (2,2) |
2 (1,1) |
2 (2,3) |
3 (1,9) |
||||||||||||||||
| - Married/Common-law partner | 4 (4,0) |
11 (4,0) |
4 (4,0) |
9 (4,3) |
2 (2,2) |
12 (6,6) |
2 (2,3) |
11 (6,9) |
||||||||||||||||
| Studying, n (%) | 0,132 | 0,249 | 0,090 | 0,028 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| - Full-time/Part-time | 12 (12,0) |
58 (21,2) |
18 (18,2) |
55 (26,5) |
17 (18,7) |
63 (29,1) |
9 (10,3) |
39 (24,4) |
||||||||||||||||
| - None | 88 (88,0) |
216 (78,8) |
81 (81,8) |
152 (73,4) |
74 (81,3) |
129 (70,9) |
78 (89,7) |
121 (75,6) |
||||||||||||||||
| Employment****, n (%) | 0,009 | 0,072 | 0,036 | 0,013 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| - Full time/Part time/Work rehabilitation | 18 (18,0) |
86 (31,5) |
27 (27,3) |
79 (38,2) |
27 (29,7) |
78 (42,9) |
23 (26,4) |
69 (43,1) |
||||||||||||||||
| - None | 82 (82,0) |
187 (68,5) |
72 (72,7) |
128 (61,8) |
64 (70,3) |
104 (57,1) |
64 (73,6) |
91 (56,9) |
||||||||||||||||
| Employment and/or studying, n (%) | 0,002 | 0,007 | 0,003 | 0,000 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| - Full time/Part time | 29 (29,0) |
129 (47,1) |
40 (40,4) |
118 (57,0) |
39 (42,9) |
113 (62,1) |
31 (35,6) |
96 (60,0) |
||||||||||||||||
| - None | 71 (71,0) |
145 (52,9) |
59 (59,6) |
89 (43,0) |
52 (57,1) |
69 (37,9) |
56 (64,4) |
64 (40,0) |
||||||||||||||||
| Income, n (%) | <0,001 | 0,015 | 0,001 | 0,021 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| - Independent outcome | 49 (49,0) |
190 (70,9) |
26 (26,3) |
82 (40,6) |
24 (26,4) |
83 (46,9) |
26 (29,9) |
72 (45,3) |
||||||||||||||||
| - Government income security/Dependent of family | 51 (51,0) |
78 (29,1) |
73 (73,7) |
120 (59,4) |
67 (73,6) |
94 (53,1) |
61 (70,1) |
87 (54,7) |
||||||||||||||||
| Living arrangements****, n (%) | 0,045 | 0,035 | 0,011 | 0,001 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| - Living independently | 44 (44,0) |
151 (54,9) |
34 (34,3) |
89 (42,8) |
27 (29,7) |
87 (47,8) |
28 (32,2) |
71 (44,4) |
||||||||||||||||
| - Living with parents | 42 (42,0) |
107 (38,9) |
35 (35,4) |
86 (41,3) |
38 (41,8) |
67 (36,8) |
25 (28,7) |
63 (39,4) |
||||||||||||||||
| -Supervised living, hospital, family | 6 (6,0) |
5 (1,8) |
27 (27,3) |
30 (14,4) |
24 (26,4) |
24 (13,2) |
32 (36,8) |
24 (15,0) |
||||||||||||||||
| - Homelessness/other | 8 (8,0) |
12 (4,4) |
3 (3,0) |
3 (1,4) |
2 (2,2) |
4 (2,2) |
2 (2,3) |
2 (1,2) |
||||||||||||||||
| History of legal problems during follow-up, n (%) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 21 (21,0) |
25 (10,0) |
0,008 | ||||||||||||
| Homelessness during follow-up, n (%) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 23 (23,0) |
20 (7,8) |
<0,001 | ||||||||||||
| Service use during 3-year follow-up | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Community treatment order at some point during follow-up*****, n (%) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 50 (50,0) |
11 (4,0) |
<0,001 | ||||||||||||
aFGI: First generation immigrant.
bSGI: Second generation immigrant.
cPANSS: Positive and negative syndrome scale.
dCDS: Calgary depression scale.
eCGI: Clinical global impression - severity subscale.
fGAF: General assessment of functioning.
gSOFAS: Social and occupational functioning assessment scale.
hQLS: Quality of Life scale.
*Diagnosis has been revised at 3 years will all the information available.
**Work/Bank loan/Employment insurance benefits/Scholarship.
***Living arrangements were rated according to scales adapted from Ciompi,1980: “Independent” regrouped all patients living on their own alone, with their partner and/or their children; “With parents” regrouped all patients living with any family members; “Supervised” regrouped patients living in supported housing (supervised apartment, group home, foster home, hospital).
****“Full- or part-time work” included competitive work, work rehabilitation programs, sheltered work, and stay-at-home parents taking care of their own children full time.
*****Community treatment orders duration varied from 1 to 3 years.