TABLE 1.

Hierarchical linear model predicting social support from adult children to older mothers

Fixed effect	Estimate	SE	Variance	χ2 (df)
Intercept	6.24***	0.26
Mothers’ characteristics1:
Age	0.11*	0.05
Income	−0.12*	0.06
Unmarried (versus married)	1.49*	0.64
Children’s characteristics2:
Daughter (versus son)	2.27*	0.92
Filial eldercare norms	0.05	0.11
Cross-level interaction:
Filial eldercare norms of child by filial eldercare norms of mother	0.06†	0.03
Random effect:
Intercept			5.94***	229 (92)
Children’s filial eldercare norms			0.36**	132 (94)
Level 1			15.62	–

Notes:

¹Variables at the mother-level are centred at the grand mean.

²Variables at the child-level are centred at the family mean. SE: standard error. df: degrees of freedom.

Significance levels:

^†p<0.01,

^*p<0.05,

^**p<0.01,

^***p<0.001.