(a–b) IPGTT at P30-35: glucose (1 g/kg) was injected IP after an overnight fast; (a) heterozygous Tsc1 knockout Akita mice (RIP-Cre:Tsc1flox/+:Akita (Akita, βTsc1+/-) and matched controls: Tsc1flox/+ mice (Tsc1+/+), RIP-Cre:Tsc1flox/+ mice (βTsc1+/-), and Tsc1flox/+:Akita (Akita) (n = 3–5 mice in each group); (b) homozygous Tsc1 knockout Akita mice (RIP-Cre:Tsc1flox/flox:Akita (Akita, βTsc1-/-) and matched controls: Tsc1flox/flox mice (Tsc+/+), RIP-Cre:Tsc1flox/flox mice (βTsc1-/-), and Tsc1flox/flox:Akita (Akita) (n = 3–5 in each group); (c–d) pancreatic insulin content of heterozygous and homozygous Tsc1 knockout Akita mice and matched controls at P30-35 (WT (n = 7), Akita (n = 11), Akita, βTsc1+/- (n = 3) and Akita, βTsc1-/- (n = 4); (e) islet insulin content. (f–g) Effects of mTORC1 activation in neonate Akita β-cells on insulin secretion in vivo and ex vivo. (f) insulin secretion in response to IP glucose injection (n = 6 mice in each group); (g) islets were isolated from Tsc1flox/+ WT mice (WT), Tsc1flox/+:Akita (Akita) and RIP-Cre:Tsc1flox/+:Akita (Akita, βTsc1+/-) mice and insulin secretion assessed following static incubations at basal (3.3 mmol/l) and stimulated (16.7) mmol/l glucose. (h) a model of the pathophysiology of permanent neonatal diabetes. *p<0.05 **, p<0.01, ***, p<0.001****, p<0.0001.