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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA. 2018 Sep 5;10(1):e1504. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1504

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

Diversification of the transcriptome and proteome by recapping of 5′-end-processed RNAs.A. Possible avenues for the generation of 5′-end-processed RNA recapping substrates for recapping. New 5′ ends can be created by action of endoribonucleases (1) or by inhibition of XRN1 5′-exoribonuclease activity by strong secondary structure (2) or RNA-binding proteins (3). B. Consequences of recapping at downstream sites. A full-length mRNA with a cap at its canonical transcription start site is shown as (1). Recapping of an mRNA with a shortened 5′ UTR (2) can remove regulatory elements. Recapping within the CDS (3) may facilitate translation from downstream initiation codons, producing N-terminally truncated proteins. Noncoding RNAs with regulatory potential can be generated by recapping within the CDS downstream of alternative translation initiation codons (4) or recapping within the 3’ UTR (5).