Table 3:
Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association of alcohol consumption with esophageal cancer risk in Kenya: effects of drinking intensity, duration and quitting, stratified by ever-tobacco use
| Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimal adjustmenta | Full adjustmentb, stratified by ever tobacco use | ||||||
| All participants | Never tobacco users | Ever tobacco users | |||||
| Categories/unit | Number of cases/controls | OR (95% CI) | Number of cases/controls | OR (95% CI) | Number of cases/controls | OR (95% CI) | |
| Alcohol drinker ever/never | Never drinker | 111/231 | 1 | 102/211 | 1 | 8/18 | 1 |
| Ever drinker | 311/183 | 4.1 (2.9, 5.7) | 72/71 | 2.6 (1.6, 4.1) | 238/110 | 9.0 (3.4, 23.8) | |
| Alcohol drinker current/past/never | Never drinker | 111/ 231 | 1 | 102/211 | 1 | 8/18 | 1 |
| Past drinker | 88/ 67 | 3.1 (2.0, 4.8) | 26/29 | 2.2 (1.1, 4.2) | 62/38 | 6.9 (2.5, 19.6) | |
| Current drinker | 223/ 116 | 4.6 (3.2, 6.6) | 46/42 | 2.8 (1.7, 4.9) | 177/72 | 10.1(3.8, 27.2) | |
| Joint alcohol-tobacco status | Never alcohol never tobacco | 103/ 211 | 1 | 102/211 | 1 | - | - |
| Ever tobacco, never alcohol | 8/ 20 | 0.7 (0.3, 1.7) | - | - | 8/18 | 1 | |
| Ever alcohol, never tobacco | 72/ 72 | 2.4 (1.6, 3.8) | 72/71 | 2.6 (1.6, 4.1) | - | - | |
| Ever alcohol, ever tobacco | 239/ 111 | 5.0 (3.5, 7.2) | - | - | 238/110 | 9.0 (3.4, 23.8) | |
| Number of alcoholic drinks per day | Never drinker | 111/231 | 1 | 102/211 | 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) | 8/18 | 0.2 (0.1, 0.6) |
| >0–2 | 80/72 | 2.4 (1.6, 3.7) | 31/33 | 1 | 49/37 | 1 | |
| >2–4 | 64/41 | 3.9 (2.4, 6.4) | 14/17 | 1.4 (0.5, 3.0) | 49/24 | 1.9 (0.9, 4.1) | |
| >4–6 | 52/26 | 5.5 (3.1, 9.7) | 9/8 | 1.4 (0.5, 5.6) | 43/18 | 2.6 (1.1, 5.8) | |
| >6 | 115/44 | 7.9 (4.9, 12.8) | 18/13 | 2.1 (0.7, 4.4) | 97/31 | 5.2 (2.4, 11.4) | |
| Per drink in drinkers up to 20 drinks/day | 1.13 (1.06, 1.19) | 1.06 (0.95, 1.20) | 1.16 (1.07, 1.26) | ||||
| Ethanol (g/day) | Never | 111/231 | 1 | 102/211 | 0.4 (0.2, 0.9) | 8/18 | 0.3 (0.1, 0.9) |
| 0-<20 | 58/54 | 2.2 (1.4, 3.5) | 25/23 | 1 | 33/29 | 1 | |
| 20-<50 | 83/47 | 4.2 (2.7, 6.7) | 16/22 | 1.0 (0.4, 2.5) | 66/25 | 3.4 (1.6, 7.5) | |
| 50-<100 | 82/42 | 5.4 (3.3, 8.9) | 18/13 | 1.7 (0.6, 4.5) | 64/29 | 3.4 (1.5, 7.6) | |
| ≥100 | 88/40 | 6.8(4.1, 11.4) | 13/13 | 1.3 (0.5, 3.8) | 75/27 | 6.5 (2.6, 16.1) | |
| Per category* | 311/183 | 1.6 (1.3, 2.0) | 64/71 | 1.3 (0.8, 2.0) | 238/110 | 1.9 (1.4, 2.6) | |
| Per 10 g/day if <150g/day | 27/165 | 1.14 (1.07, 1.21) | 59/66 | 1.07 (0.95, 1.21) | 209/97 | 1.19 (1.09, 1.30) | |
| Drinking duration (years) | Never drinker | 111/231 | 1 | 102/211 | 0.5 (0.3, 1.0) | 8/18 | 0.1 (0.1, 0.4) |
| < 15 | 63/49 | 3.3 (2.1, 5.3) | 20/24 | 1 | 43/25 | 1 | |
| 15–24 | 45/38 | 2.8 (1.7, 4.7) | 13/13 | 1.2 (0.4, 3.3) | 32/24 | 0.7 (0.3, 1.5) | |
| 25–39 | 106/48 | 5.6 (3.6, 8.8) | 18/23 | 1.0 (0.4, 2.6) | 87/25 | 2.2 (1.0, 4.7) | |
| 40+ | 97 / 48 | 4.7 (2.9, 7.6) | 21 / 11 | 2.9 (1.1, 8.1) | 76 / 36 | 0.8 (0.4, 1.9) | |
| Per 10 years in drinkers | 311/183 | 1.12 (0.98, 1.28) | 1.38 (1.03, 1.86) | 1.06 (0.89, 1.27) | |||
| Years since quitting drinking | Never drinker | 111/231 | 1 | 102/211 | 1 | 8/18 | 1 |
| Quit 30+ years ago | 27/16 | 3.6 (1.8, 7.3) | 3/13 | 3.4 (1.0, 11.9) | 19/11 | 10.0 (3.7, 26.8) | |
| 10 to 29 years ago | 48/24 | 5.0 (2.8, 8.8) | 15/11 | 3.7 (1.5, 9.0) | 33/13 | 9.9 (3.1, 31.5) | |
| 2 to 10 years ago | 13/26 | 1.3 (0.6, 2.7) | 8/5 | 0.6 (0.2, 2.3) | 10/13 | 3.6 (0.9, 13.5) | |
| Current drinker | 223/116 | 4.7 (3.3, 6.7) | 46/42 | 2.9 (1.7, 4.9) | 176/72 | 10.0 (3.7, 26.8) | |
| Age first started drinking (years) | Never drinker | 111/231 | 1 | 102/211 | 0.5 (0.3, 1.1) | 8/18 | 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) |
| ≥ 30 years | 74/51 | 3.2 (2.0, 5.0) | 22/25 | 1 | 51/25 | 1 | |
| 21 to <30 years | 79/55 | 3.9 (2.4, 6.1) | 17/25 | 1.0 (0.4, 2.5) | 62/30 | 1.6 (0.8, 3.4) | |
| 18 to <21 years | 94/50 | 4.5 (2.9, 7.1) | 20/14 | 2.5 (1.0, 6.6) | 74/36 | 1.2 (0.6, 2.4) | |
| <18 years | 64/27 | 5.6 (3.2, 9.5) | 13/7 | 2.6 (0.8, 8.5) | 51/19 | 1.7 (0.8, 3.7) | |
a
Minimal adjustment = Adjusted for continuous age, and binary variables: gender, study phase and interviewer.
b
Full adjustment adjusted = Minimal adjustment plus categorical variables: tobacco use (never/current/past), tobacco type (never/smoking/oral/nasal/multiple types), tobacco intensity (0/1–4/5–9/10–14/15+ cigarettes per day), ethnic group (Kalenjin, Luhya, other), family history of EC (yes/no/NK), hot beverages (very hot, hot, warm) and continuous linear variables: age, education level, and type (hand/commercial/oral).