Table 1.

Summary of selection criteria for prioritized candidate biomarkers

Rank	Candidate biomarker	Underlying process	Aging biology	Robust	Mortality HR [range], # studies	Clinical	Functional	Treatment response
Meets criteria
1	IL-6	Inflammation	+++	+++	1.66 [1.0–2.8], 18	CVD, cancer MCI	Phys, cog	+++
2	CRP	Inflammation	++	+++	1.63 [1.0–2.6], 14	CVD, cancer	Phys, cog	++
3	TNFα	Inflammation	+++	+++	1.54 [1.2–2.5], 7	CVD, cancer, MCI/dementia	Phys, cog	+++
4	Cystatin C	Kidney aging	+++	++	1.84 [1.3–4.4], 13	CVD	Phys, cog	+
5	IGF-1	Nutrient sign	+++	U	High: 1.30 [0.7–1.7], 10 low: 1.37 [1.2–1.9], 8	Cancer	Phys.	–
6	NT-proBNP	CardioVasc.	+	+++	1.38 [1.2–1.4], 3	CVD	Phys.	+
7	Insulin	Nutrient sign	++	++	1.21 [1.0–1.5], 5	CVD	–	++
8	GDF15	Stress respn	+++	+++	2.24 [1.5–4.0], 11	CVD	Phys.	Metformin
13	IGFBPs	Nutrient sig.	+++	U	High: 1.36 [0.6–3.0], 6 low: 1.58 [1.2–2.0], 5	CVD, cancer	Phys.	++
Does not meet criteria
9	DHEAS	Endocrine	+	Men	1.54 (men), 1.18 (all)	CVD	Phys. (M)	–
10	Telomere length	Telomeres	+++	+/−	(+/−) 1.07 [0.7–1.4], 10	–	–	–
11	Adiponectin	Obesity	–	+, U	1.33 [1.1–1.9], 14	CVD, MCI/dem	Phys, cog	–
12	Isoprostanes**	Ox. stress	++	–	HR 1.1; n = 1,	CVD (+/−)	–	+
14	Thyroid hormone	Endocrine	+	+	–	–	–	++
15	CMV antibody	Immune	–	–	1.26 [1.1–1.4], 3	–	Frailty	–
16	Leptin	Obesity	–	–	0.98 [0.7–1.2], 4	–	–	–
17	CCL11 (eotaxin)	Inflammation	++	–	–			+
18	Fibrinogen	CardioVasc	+	+/−	1.20 [1.1–1.4], 3			–
19	AGE/rAGE	CardioVasc	++	+/−	+/−
20	tPA	CardioVasc	–	–	–	CVD	–	+
Additional consideration
	Epigenetic clocks^	Epigenetics	+++	+++	1.39 [1.1, 2.2], 6	Cancer, CVD	Frailty (+/−)	+
	HbA1c	Metabolic	+++	++	1.45 [1.1, 2.5], 12	CVD		++

**Stronger evidence may exist for isoprostanes measured in urine

^Includes multiple algorithms for DNA methylation scores and age acceleration