Table 2.
Relevant enteroviral receptors and their expression in human beta cells/islets
| Potential Enterovirus receptors and role [78] | Enteroviruses that utilise these receptors | Transcriptomic data suggesting expression in beta cellsa | Protein expression in isletsb |
|---|---|---|---|
| CAR Uncoating |
Coxsackievirus B1-6 | +++ | +++ [40••] |
| DAF (CD55) Attachment |
Coxsackievirus A21, B1, B3 & B5 Echovirus 3, 6, 7, 11–13, 20, 21, 25, 29, 30 |
++ | HPA — not detected; [41] |
| ICAM1 Uncoating |
Coxsackievirus A13, A18, A21 Rhinovirus Major group (91 serotypes) |
Low | HPA — not detected in healthy controls; some evidence of upregulation in inflamed T1D islets [108] |
| ICAM5 Uncoating |
Enterovirus D68 | Negative | HPA — not detected |
| SCARB2 Uncoating |
Enterovirus 71 Coxsackievirus A16 |
+++ | HPA — ++ |
| PSGL1 Attachment |
Enterovirus 71 Coxsackievirus A16 |
Negative | HPA — not detected |
| α2β1 (VLA2) Attachment |
Echovirus 1, 8 |
ITGA2 — negative ITGB1 — +++ |
HPA — not detected |
| α5β3 Attachment |
Coxsackievirus A9, Echovirus 1, 9 |
ITGA5 — negative ITGB3 — negative |
HPA — not detected + in isolated islets [41] |
CAR, Coxsackie and adenovirus receptor; DAF, complement decay accelerating factor; ICAM1, intercellular adhesion molelcule-1; SCARB2, scavenger receptor class B member 2; PSGL1, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1; VLA2, very late antigen 2.
a
Source: Transcriptomics of human islets. http://sandberg.cmb.ki.se/pancreas/.
b
Source: Human Protein Atlas (HPA) or references. https://www.proteinatlas.org/.