Table 3.
Individual Factors associated with Frailty among Older People (N = 2559)
| Variable | Mean ± SD/ n (%) | Age- and Gender-adjusted | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Robust | Pre-frail | Frail | P | OR | 95%CI | P | |
| Age, year | 66.12 ± 4.85 | 65.53 ± 4.70 | 66.34 ± 4.64 | 67.16 ± 5.49 | < 0.001 | 1.05 | 1.04–1.07 | < 0.001e |
| Gender | 0.063 | |||||||
| Man | 1089 (42.6) | 501 (46.0) | 404 (37.1) | 184 (16.9) | 1.00 | |||
| Woman | 1470 (57.4) | 613 (41.7) | 608 (41.4) | 249 (16.9) | 1.17 | 1.01–1.36 | 0.039f | |
| Education | < 0.001 | |||||||
| Illiteracy | 98 (3.8) | 25 (25.5) | 43 (43.9) | 30 (30.6) | 1.00 | |||
| Primary school | 397 (15.5) | 177 (44.6) | 144 (36.3) | 76 (19.1) | 0.51 | 0.34–0.78 | 0.002 | |
| Junior high school | 1006 (39.3) | 445 (44.2) | 383 (38.1) | 178 (17.7) | 0.54 | 0.36–0.79 | 0.002 | |
| Senior high school | 709 (27.7) | 325 (45.8) | 286 (40.3) | 98 (13.8) | 0.47 | 0.31–0.69 | < 0.001 | |
| University | 349 (13.6) | 142 (40.7) | 156 (44.7) | 51 (14.6) | 0.52 | 0.34–0.79 | 0.002 | |
| Work status | 0.001 | |||||||
| Employed | 331 (12.9) | 169 (51.1) | 99 (29.9) | 63 (19.0) | 0.85 | 0.69–1.06 | 0.146 | |
| Othera | 2228 (87.1) | 945 (42.4) | 913 (41.0) | 370 (16.6) | 1.00 | |||
| Marital status | 0.001 | |||||||
| Married | 2269 (88.7) | 1001 (44.1) | 906 (39.9) | 362 (16.0) | 0.80 | 0.63–1.00 | 0.051 | |
| Otherb | 290 (11.3) | 113 (39.0) | 106 (36.6) | 71 (24.5) | 1.00 | |||
| Smoking | 0.410 | |||||||
| Nonsmoker | 2070 (80.9) | 894 (43.2) | 815 (39.4) | 361 (17.4) | 1.00 | |||
| Ex-smoker | 81 (3.2) | 33 (40.7) | 32 (39.5) | 16 (19.8) | 1.20 | 0.78–1.83 | 0.407 | |
| Current Smoker | 408 (15.9) | 187 (45.8) | 165 (40.4) | 56 (13.7) | 0.99 | 0.79–1.24 | 0.925 | |
| Drinking | 0.001 | |||||||
| Nondrinker | 2057 (80.4) | 902 (43.9) | 822 (40.0) | 333 (16.2) | 1.00 | |||
| Drinker | 359 (14.0) | 157 (43.7) | 145 (40.4) | 57 (15.9) | 1.13 | 0.90–1.41 | 0.289 | |
| Alcohol Dependence | 143 (5.6) | 55 (38.5) | 45 (31.5) | 43 (30.1) | 1.84 | 1.33–2.55 | < 0.001 | |
| MIPA level | < 0.001 | |||||||
| None | 753 (29.4) | 279 (37.1) | 306 (40.6) | 168 (22.3) | 1.00 | |||
| Low | 1199 (46.9) | 520 (43.4) | 480 (40.0) | 199 (16.6) | 0.74 | 0.63–0.88 | 0.001 | |
| High | 607 (23.7) | 315 (51.9) | 226 (37.2) | 66 (10.9) | 0.52 | 0.43–0.64 | < 0.001 | |
| Organization Participation | 0.241 | |||||||
| Yes | 1689 (66.0) | 739 (43.8) | 679 (40.2) | 271 (16.0) | 0.89 | 0.76–1.04 | 0.136 | |
| No | 870 (34.0) | 375 (43.1) | 333 (38.3) | 162 (18.6) | 1.00 | |||
| Self-Rated Health | < 0.001 | |||||||
| Good | 1452 (56.7) | 803 (55.3) | 512 (35.3) | 137 (9.4) | 1.00 | |||
| Poor | 1107 (43.3) | 311 (28.1) | 500 (45.2) | 296 (26.7) | 3.16 | 2.70–3.68 | < 0.001 | |
| WHO-5c, score | 18.82 ± 4.35 | 20.14 ± 3.56 | 18.37 ± 4.41 | 16.47 ± 4.82 | < 0.001 | 0.87 | 0.86–0.89 | < 0.001 |
| Psychological Disorderc, d | < 0.001 | |||||||
| yes | 258 (10.1) | 38 (14.7) | 127 (49.2) | 93 (36.0) | 3.69 | 2.88–4.72 | < 0.001 | |
| no | 2295 (89.7) | 1072 (46.7) | 885 (38.6) | 338 (14.7) | 1.00 | |||
SD standard deviation, MIPA moderate intensity physical activity
aIncluding unemployed and retired; bIncluding divorced, widowed and unmarried; cThere were six missing data; dWhichever one item score < =1 or total score < 13 considered psychological disorder; eOnly gender was adjusted for age; fOnly age was adjusted for gender