Table 4.
The Odds Ratios for Frailty associated with Environmental Characteristics (N = 2154)
| Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3a | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95%CI | P | OR | 95%CI | P | OR | 95%CI | P | |
| Fixed effects | |||||||||
| Individual-level environment characteristics | |||||||||
| Aesthetic Quality | |||||||||
| 1st quartile | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| 2nd quartile | 0.79 | 0.61–1.03 | 0.077 | 0.78 | 0.60–1.02 | 0.070 | |||
| 3rd quartile | 0.79 | 0.60–1.04 | 0.093 | 0.78 | 0.59–1.02 | 0.074 | |||
| 4th quartile | 0.65 | 0.47–0.89 | 0.008 | 0.65 | 0.47–0.89 | 0.008 | |||
| Walking Environment | |||||||||
| 1st quartile | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| 2nd quartile | 1.12 | 0.86–1.47 | 0.394 | 1.15 | 0.88–1.51 | 0.310 | |||
| 3rd quartile | 1.21 | 0.92–1.59 | 0.170 | 1.29 | 0.97–1.70 | 0.075 | |||
| 4th quartile | 1.13 | 0.82–1.55 | 0.451 | 1.22 | 0.89–1.67 | 0.225 | |||
| Social Cohesion | |||||||||
| 1st quartile | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| 2nd quartile | 1.02 | 0.79–1.33 | 0.863 | 0.98 | 0.75–1.28 | 0.888 | |||
| 3rd quartile | 0.91 | 0.69–1.19 | 0.485 | 0.86 | 0.66–1.14 | 0.291 | |||
| 4th quartile | 0.76 | 0.56–1.02 | 0.069 | 0.73 | 0.54–0.99 | 0.043 | |||
| Social Participation | |||||||||
| 1st quartile | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| 2nd quartile | 0.76 | 0.59–0.96 | 0.025 | 0.76 | 0.59–0.97 | 0.028 | |||
| 3rd quartile | 0.60 | 0.47–0.78 | < 0.001 | 0.59 | 0.45–0.77 | < 0.001 | |||
| 4th quartile | 0.61 | 0.47–0.80 | < 0.001 | 0.59 | 0.45–0.77 | < 0.001 | |||
| Neighborhood-level environment characteristics | |||||||||
| Aesthetic Quality | |||||||||
| 1st quartile | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| 2nd quartile | 1.36 | 0.68–2.73 | 0.388 | 1.37 | 0.69–2.71 | 0.367 | |||
| 3rd quartile | 1.05 | 0.52–2.13 | 0.884 | 1.16 | 0.58–2.32 | 0.675 | |||
| 4th quartile | 1.32 | 0.58–2.97 | 0.506 | 1.61 | 0.72–3.61 | 0.243 | |||
| Walking Environment | |||||||||
| 1st quartile | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| 2nd quartile | 1.02 | 0.48–2.12 | 0.974 | 0.97 | 0.47–2.01 | 0.945 | |||
| 3rd quartile | 0.86 | 0.42–1.79 | 0.693 | 0.81 | 0.39–1.66 | 0.561 | |||
| 4th quartile | 0.48 | 0.21–1.07 | 0.073 | 0.43 | 0.19–0.95 | 0.036 | |||
| Social Cohesion | |||||||||
| 1st quartile | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| 2nd quartile | 1.14 | 0.62–2.09 | 0.677 | 1.18 | 0.65–2.13 | 0.593 | |||
| 3rd quartile | 1.14 | 0.64–2.02 | 0.653 | 1.17 | 0.67–2.04 | 0.582 | |||
| 4th quartile | 0.63 | 0.32–1.24 | 0.181 | 0.73 | 0.37–1.42 | 0.355 | |||
| Social Participation | |||||||||
| 1st quartile | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| 2nd quartile | 0.67 | 0.39–1.14 | 0.140 | 0.80 | 0.46–1.38 | 0.418 | |||
| 3rd quartile | 0.78 | 0.47–1.32 | 0.359 | 1.00 | 0.60–1.68 | 0.994 | |||
| 4th quartile | 0.92 | 0.52–1.65 | 0.784 | 1.30 | 0.72–2.34 | 0.384 | |||
| Random effects | |||||||||
| Neighborhood-level variance (SE) | 0.38 (0.11) | 0.24 (0.07) | 0.22 (0.07) | ||||||
| Model fit | |||||||||
| -2LL | 4230.3178 | 4246.6448 | 4149.2458 | ||||||
| AIC | 4260.3180 | 4276.6450 | 4227.2460 | ||||||
agender, age, education, marital status, work status, smoking, and drinking were adjusted