Table 4:
GEE analyses predicting warning label responses, pooled across countries with interactions and separately for each country.
| ALL COUNTRIES | Warning salience (n = 6,289) OR (95% CI) |
Cognitive responses (n = 6,299) OR (95% CI) |
Forgoing cigarettes (n = 6,288) OR (95% CI) |
Avoiding warnings (n = 6,295) OR (95% CI) |
| Survey wave | ||||
| Baseline | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Follow-up | 0.72 (0.65 to 0.80)*** | 0.79 (0.72 to 0.86)*** | 1.00 (0.87 to 1.14) | 2.31 (1.99 to 2.69)*** |
| Interactions (separate analyses) | ||||
| Country * wave (3 df) | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p=0.001 | p=0.049 |
| Country * wave * education (6 df) | p=0.641 | p=0.248 | p=0.122 | p=0.002 |
| FRANCE | Warning salience (n = 1,531) OR (95% CI) |
Cognitive responses (n = 1,531) OR (95% CI) |
Forgoing cigarettes (n = 1,531) OR (95% CI) |
Avoiding warnings (n = 1,530) OR (95% CI) |
| Survey wave | ||||
| Baseline | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Follow-up | 0.81 (0.66 to 1.00)* | 0.70 (0.55 to 0.88)** | 0.83 (0.69 to 1.00)* | 2.93 (2.30 to 3.73)*** |
| UNITED KINGDOM | Warning salience (n = 1,618) OR (95% CI) |
Cognitive responses (n = 1,624) OR (95% CI) |
Forgoing cigarettes (n = 1,623) OR (95% CI) |
Avoiding warnings (n = 1,622) OR (95% CI) |
| Survey wave | ||||
| Baseline | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Follow-up | 1.30 (0.99 to 1.70) | 1.34 (1.14 to 1.58)*** | 1.65 (1.25 to 2.16)*** | 2.19 (1.72 to 2.80)*** |
| GERMANY | Warning salience (n = 1,502) OR (95% CI) |
Cognitive responses (n = 1,503) OR (95% CI) |
Forgoing cigarettes (n = 1,503) OR (95% CI) |
Avoiding warnings (n = 1,503) OR (95% CI) |
| Survey wave | ||||
| Baseline | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Follow-up | 0.62 (0.50 to 0.76)*** | 0.83 (0.69 to 0.99)* | 0.71 (0.46 to 1.11) | 2.57 (1.57 to 4.20)*** |
| THE NETHERLANDS | Warning salience (n = 1,638) OR (95% CI) |
Cognitive responses (n = 1,641) OR (95% CI) |
Forgoing cigarettes (n = 1,631) OR (95% CI) |
Avoiding warnings (n = 1,640) OR (95% CI) |
| Survey wave | ||||
| Baseline | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Follow-up | 0.47 (0.38 to 0.58)*** | 0.51 (0.44 to 0.61)*** | 1.06 (0.75 to 1.49) | 1.28 (0.80 to 2.03) |
a
All models were adjusted for gender, age group, educational level, tobacco type, HSI, intention to quit, and time in sample. The pooled analyses were also adjusted for country. The interaction analyses were also adjusted for the education by wave interaction and the education by country interaction.
*
p < 0.05,
**
p < 0.01,
***
p < 0.001