Table 6.
Estimated number of people exposed to PM10 and PM2.5 levels above the WHO thresholds in 2016 (median and 95% credible intervals of the posterior distributions).
| Country | Populationa | Exposed to PM10 | Exposed to PM2.5 | Exposed to both |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (AD) Andorra | 67 462 | 0 (0, 8187) | 0 (0,0) | 0 (0, 8187) |
| (AL) Albania | 2 925 168 | 2 760 328 (2 372 165, 2 872 254) | 2 773 118 (2 317 413, 2 899 536) | 2 839 928 (2 711 134, 2 902 285) |
| (AT) Austria | 8 731 711 | 552 133 (205 305, 1 418 388) | 5 622 958 (3 499 525, 6 841 414) | 5 552 144 (3 456 660, 6 741 482) |
| (BA) Bosnia and Herzegovina | 3 817 952 | 3 211 730 (2 930 650, 3 469 739) | 3 621 987 (3 360 840, 3 769 263) | 3 623 988 (3 396 449, 3 769 263) |
| (BE) Belgium | 11 469 758 | 4 795 731 (2 712 409, 6 737 162) | 10 216 848 (8 895 370, 10 780 086) | 10 216 848 (8 961 789, 10 780 371) |
| (BG) Bulgaria | 7 153 089 | 5 833 643 (5 149 469, 6 397 074) | 6 074 697 (2 290 590, 7 115 259) | 6 536 242 (5 686 108, 7 120 149) |
| (CH) Switzerland | 9 202 540 | 74 374 (22 227, 217 827) | 3 709 464 (771 040, 7 446 925) | 3 186 486 (749 640, 6 040 566) |
| (CY) Cyprus | 1 190 214 | 1 065 339 (808 584, 1 169 544) | 946 342 (435 091, 1 148 452) | 1 107 591 (939 295, 1 171 135) |
| (CZ) Czech Republic | 10 618 625 | 4 894 115 (3 449 455, 6 256 099) | 10 319 289 (8 640 556, 10 581 769) | 10 319 289 (8 676 605, 10 581 769) |
| (DE) Germany | 81 848 649 | 6 454 538 (3 459 511, 10 084 160) | 57 079 581 (39 626 291, 71 089 190) | 57 129 401 (40 103 236, 71 081 848) |
| (DK) Denmark | 5 766 524 | 79 320 (93, 1 223 356) | 1 425 992 (21 645, 3 976 153) | 1 483 493 (26 436, 3 630 736) |
| (EE) Estonia | 1 349 753 | 10 (10, 70 510) | 2042 (2042, 60 279) | 3244 (2003, 69 737) |
| (EL) Greece | 11 050 816 | 9 113 513 (3 765 692, 10 822 578) | 8 645 062 (2 474 767, 10 803 008) | 10 075 255 (5 535 995, 10 958 087) |
| (ES) Spain | 44 529 778 | 14 091 655 (11 108 136, 17 585 244) | 12 751 382 (7 688 226, 18 846 075) | 20 024 311 (16 152 157, 23 524 607) |
| (FI) Finland | 5 979 902 | 505 (505, 562) | 14 749 (14 532, 135 929) | 14 804 (14 532, 135 931) |
| (FO) Faroe Islands | 48 175 | 48 175 (48 175, 48 175) | 48 175 (48 175, 48 175) | 48 175 (48 175, 48 175) |
| (FR) France | 65 346 726 | 15 339 351 (12 454 680, 18 158 156) | 38 463 737 (34 478 334, 43 008 767) | 38 727 999 (34 805 552, 43 279 674) |
| (GG) Guernsey | 53 479 | 0 (0, 22 306) | 1877 (1877, 53 099) | 1877 (1877, 53 104) |
| (GI) Gibraltar | 31 233 | 31 233 (31 233, 31 233) | 26 873 (26 873, 31 233) | 31 233 (31 233, 31 233) |
| (HR) Croatia | 4 221 881 | 3 001 732 (2 675 240, 3 343 463) | 3 816 375 (3 254 063, 4 065 225) | 3 823 186 (3 371 975, 4 065 225) |
| (HU) Hungary | 10 027 750 | 6 871 493 (4 957 358, 8 293 607) | 9 856 885 (4 483 879, 10 027 742) | 9 876 097 (7 840 786, 10 027 742) |
| (IE) Ireland | 4 814 831 | 14 560 (97, 352 894) | 351 192 (12 511, 2 486 106) | 418 148 (26 281, 2 492 510) |
| (IM) Isle of Man | 93 479 | 93 479 (93 479, 93 479) | 93 479 (93 479, 93 479) | 93 479 (93 479, 93 479) |
| (IS) Iceland | 330 470 | 6332 (6332, 13 532) | 6645 (6645, 20 139) | 6750 (6645, 22 464) |
| (IT) Italy | 60 499 999 | 39 357 298 (33 111 421, 43 803 501) | 50 068 301 (44 846 328, 54 193 507) | 51 888 148 (48 081 086, 54 671 205) |
| (JE) Jersey | 92 559 | 0 (0, 28 991) | 922 (922, 92 559) | 922 (922, 92 559) |
| (LI) Lichtenstein | 37 363 | 0 (0, 0) | 19 213 (0, 23 289) | 19 213 (0, 23 289) |
| (LT) Lithuania | 2 923 123 | 1 037 226 (400 488, 1 821 479) | 2 089 688 (1 197 846, 2 875 473) | 2 257 227 (1 482 890, 2 858 680) |
| (LU) Luxembourg | 570 985 | 0 (0, 9736) | 324 255 (16 766, 507 908) | 324 255 (18 868, 507 908) |
| (LV) Latvia | 2 125 289 | 770 177 (78 541, 1 338 556) | 1 663 388 (717 373, 2 012 122) | 1 531 437 (895 565, 1 748 986) |
| (MC) Monaco | 13 681 | 13 681 (13 681, 13 681) | 13 681 (13 681, 13 681) | 13 681 (13 681, 13 681) |
| (ME) Montenegro | 664 404 | 248 443 (132 918, 400 326) | 408 590 (214 787, 594 498) | 413 032 (258 897, 594 498) |
| (MK) Macedonia (FYROM) | 2 123 204 | 1 931 983 (1 784 536, 2 059 485) | 1 918 138 (1 586 410, 2 076 636) | 1 997 365 (1 887 069, 2 091 835) |
| (MT) Malta | 420 872 | 420 872 (403 898, 420 872) | 359 704 (330, 420 872) | 420 872 (408 539, 420 872) |
| (NL) Netherlands | 17 718 000 | 1 861 514 (496 752, 4 887 712) | 12 815 012 (6 248 996, 17 079 090) | 12 990 321 (6 671 072, 17 085 633) |
| (NO) Norway | 5 372 166 | 21 485 (2160, 147 472) | 22 513 (19 430, 278 578) | 57 357 (19 649, 328 364) |
| (PL) Poland | 39 149 578 | 33 941 244 (31 587 503, 35 909 074) | 38 845 342 (37 714 562, 39 119 913) | 36 887 515 (36 525 696, 37 006 924) |
| (PT) Portugal | 9 700 000 | 1 934 276 (404 008, 4 105 513) | 2 022 657 (17 612, 5 682 987) | 3 336 004 (864 776, 6 371 533) |
| (RO) Romania | 19 740 811 | 12 536 787 (9 991 581, 14 301 109) | 16 197 842 (10 628 372, 18 899 966) | 17 070 172 (14 151 233, 18 953 342) |
| (RS) Serbia | 8 995 232 | 8 590 739 (7 856 825, 8 839 038) | 8 899 419 (8 698 848, 8 971 016) | 8 914 417 (8 797 323, 8 972 319) |
| (SE) Sweden | 10 521 396 | 27 883 (10 427, 154 071) | 167 516 (30 336, 1 211 812) | 206 439 (30 934, 1 211 871) |
| (SI) Slovenia | 2 112 593 | 1 046 006 (695 290, 1 368 354) | 1 945 928 (1 761 175, 2 049 285) | 1 945 928 (1 761 195, 2 049 285) |
| (SK) Slovakia | 5 486 419 | 3 266 930 (2 071 944, 4 163 482) | 5 412 775 (3 801 816, 5 486 387) | 5 414 138 (4 300 177, 5 486 387) |
| (SM) San Marino | 30 187 | 17 017 (6643, 26 368) | 30 187 (22 784, 30 187) | 30 187 (23 308, 30 187) |
| (UK) United Kingdom | 65 644 463 | 8 585 732 (950 331, 16 103 147) | 29 162 597 (14 031 534, 43 841 121) | 29 798 616 (16 620 607, 43 952 210) |
| (VA) Vatican | 1970 | 1970 (1970, 1970) | 1970 (1970, 1970) | 1970 (1970, 1970) |
| Whole study area | 544 614 259 | 193 944 552 (146 251 722, 238 593 466) | 348 258 387 (254 015 642, 420 790 160) | 360 659 184 (285 453 499, 423 103 297) |
| 35.6% (26.9%, 43.8%) | 63.9% (46.6%, 77.3%) | 66.2% (52.4%, 77.7%) |
a
Estimate obtained via cubic spline interpolation of 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020 population data at 1 km2 pixel level.