Table 1.

Costs included in cost-of-illness studies by perspective

Perspective	Medical cost	Morbidity cost	Mortality cost	Transportation/Nonmedical cost	Transfer payment
Societal	All costs	All costs	All costs	All costs	–
Health care system	All costs	–	–	–	–
Third-party payer	Covered costs	–	Covered costs	–	–
Business	Covered costs (self-insured)	Productivity loses (absenteeism)	Productivity loses	–	–
Government	Covered (medical aid)	–	–	Criminal justice costs	Attributable to illness
Participants and families	Out-of-pocket costs	Wage losses/ Household production	Wage losses/ Household production	Out-of-pocket costs	Amount received

Source: Luce et al. 1996. 37 [15]