Table 2.
Chronic paina in the low back according to demographic factors and body mass index (BMI)
| Characteristics | Men | Women | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)b | Prevalence (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)b | |
| Age (years) | Ptrend=0.1074 | Ptrend=0.3069 | Ptrend<0.0001 | Ptrend=0.0008 | ||
| <50 | 128/1,260 (10.2) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 101/1,412 (7.2) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| 50–59 | 172/1,905 (9.0) | 0.88 (0.69–1.12) | 0.81 (0.63–1.04) | 158/2,132 (7.4) | 1.04 (0.80–1.35) | 1.03 (0.79–1.35) |
| 60–69 | 287/2,567 (11.2) | 1.11 (0.89–1.39) | 0.86 (0.67–1.11) | 263/2,738 (9.6) | 1.38 (1.09–1.75) | 1.16 (0.87–1.55) |
| ≥70 | 122/1,098 (11.1) | 1.11 (0.85–1.44) | 0.82 (0.60–1.13) | 147/1,105 (13.3) | 1.99 (1.53–2.60) | 1.91 (1.35–2.70) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 583/5,545 (10.5) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 507/5,884 (8.6) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Never married | 56/674 (8.3) | 0.77 (0.58–1.03) | 0.68 (0.49–0.93) | 19/222 (8.6) | 0.99 (0.62–1.60) | 1.21 (0.73–1.99) |
| Divorced, separated, or bereaved | 63/529 (11.9) | 1.15 (0.87–1.52) | 1.07 (0.80–1.42) | 131/1,199(10.9) | 1.30 (1.06–1.59) | 1.16 (0.92–1.46) |
| Education level | Ptrend<0.0001 | Ptrend=0.0003 | Ptrend<0.0001 | Ptrend=0.3156 | ||
| Junior high school | 243/1,862 (13.1) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 276/2,337 (11.8) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| High school | 363/3,570 (10.2) | 0.75 (0.63–0.90) | 0.80 (0.66–0.97) | 254/3,340 (7.6) | 0.61 (0.51–0.74) | 0.79 (0.63–0.98) |
| Junior college | 57/609 (9.4) | 0.69 (0.51–0.93) | 0.79 (0.57–1.09) | 110/1,329 (8.3) | 0.67 (0.53–0.85) | 0.96 (0.72–1.27) |
| University or higher | 32/606 (5.3) | 0.37 (0.25–0.54) | 0.48 (0.32–0.71) | 11/193 (5.7) | 0.45 (0.24–0.84) | 0.62 (0.32–1.22) |
| Household income (¥/year) | Ptrend<0.0001 | Ptrend<0.0001 | Ptrend=0.0003 | Ptrend=0.0680 | ||
| 0–2,990,000 | 311/2,176 (14.3) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 273/2,667 (10.2) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| 3,000,000–5,990,000 | 244/2,758 (8.8) | 0.58 (0.49–0.70) | 0.59 (0.48–0.71) | 204/2,395 (8.5) | 0.82 (0.68–0.99) | 0.91 (0.75–1.11) |
| 6,000,000–8,990,000 | 94/1,053 (8.9) | 0.59 (0.46–0.75) | 0.61 (0.46–0.79) | 60/941 (6.4) | 0.60 (0.45–0.80) | 0.73 (0.53–0.99) |
| ≥9,000,000 | 37/490 (7.6) | 0.49 (0.34–0.70) | 0.54 (0.37–0.78) | 35/487 (7.2) | 0.68 (0.47–0.98) | 0.83 (0.57–1.22) |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Office work | 18/287 (6.3) | 0.70 (0.41–1.20) | 0.91 (0.50–1.65) | 50/723 (6.9) | 0.75 (0.53–1.06) | 0.87 (0.60–1.26) |
| Sales and service | 65/742 (8.8) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 109/1,203 (9.1) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Professional/management | 174/1,874 (9.3) | 1.07 (0.79–1.44) | 1.17 (0.86–1.59) | 65/894 (7.3) | 0.79 (0.57–1.08) | 0.90 (0.62–1.30) |
| Manualc | 268/2,060 (13.0) | 1.56 (1.17–2.07) | 1.47 (1.09–1.98) | 101/1,087 (9.3) | 1.03 (0.77–1.37) | 0.94 (0.69–1.28) |
| No job | 161/1,595 (10.1) | 1.17 (0.86–1.58) | 0.91 (0.62–1.32) | 326/3,259 (10.0) | 1.12 (0.89–1.40) | 0.86 (0.65–1.14) |
| Others | 18/184 (9.8) | 1.13 (0.65–1.96) | 1.12 (0.64–1.95) | 14/168 (8.3) | 0.91 (0.51–1.63) | 1.08 (0.60–1.95) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | Ptrend=0.3203 | Ptrend=0.2426 | Ptrend=0.0006 | Ptrend=0.0175 | ||
| <18.5 | 19/203 (9.4) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 36/489 (7.4) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| 18.5–21.9 | 184/1,864 (9.9) | 1.06 (0.65–1.74) | 0.89 (0.54–1.48) | 219/2,740 (8.0) | 1.09 (0.76–1.58) | 1.08 (0.73–1.60) |
| 22.0–24.9 | 285/2,703 (10.5) | 1.14 (0.70–1.86) | 1.01 (0.62–1.66) | 233/2,526 (9.2) | 1.28 (0.89–1.82) | 1.18 (0.80–1.75) |
| ≥25.0 | 215/2,003 (10.7) | 1.16 (0.71–1.91) | 1.04 (0.63–1.71) | 172/1,573 (10.9) | 1.55 (1.06–2.25) | 1.41 (0.94–2.11) |
Notes:
a
Moderate, severe, or very severe chronic pain as outcome;
b
adjusted for all other variables.
c
Includes security, farming/forestry/fishery, transportation, and labor services.