Table 2.
Correlates of MVPA by Project Foresight Model Construct
| Variable (Unit) | Source | Mean (SD) | Descriptiona |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inclination to Activity | |||
| Physical Activity Enjoyment (Range: 3–12) | Adolescent Report | 5.26 (2.25) | 3 item scale (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.82); Higher score indicates lower enjoyment. |
| Physical Activity Barriers (Range: 4–20) | Adolescent Report | 9.73 (3.22) | 4 item scale (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.49); Higher score indicates greater barriers. |
| Physical Activity Self-Efficacy (Range: 3–12) | Adolescent Report | 7.86 (2.38) | 3 item scale (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.76); Higher score indicates greater self-efficacy. |
| Physical Activity Self-Management (Range: 5–15) | Adolescent Report | 8.82 (3.14) | 3 item scale (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.82); Higher score indicates greater self-management. |
| BMI (z-score) | Measured by Research Staff | 0.71 (1.07) | Z-score of BMI measured as kg/m2 |
| Past Year Substance Use Frequency Score (Range: 3–15) | Adolescent Report | 3.85 (1.88) | Participant Use of Alcohol, Cigarettes or Marijuana in the past year (test-retest reliability: r = 0.83). Higher score indicates greater frequency. |
| Depression (Range: 6–18) | Adolescent Report | 10.21 (3.01) | 6 item scale (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.83); Higher score indicates greater depressive symptoms |
| Opportunities for Team Based Activity | |||
| Activity Fee (No Fee/Waiver Available/Fee with No Waiver) | PE Specialist Survey | 2.23 (0.52) | Students must pay an activity fee to participate in any sport, intramural or physical activity clubs? |
| Availability of a Sport Bus (yes/no) | PE Specialist Survey | 61% Yes | School has an afterschool bus for sports, academic, club, or discipline reasons (yes/no) |
| Distance to the Nearest Gym (kilometers) | GIS | 1.26 (0.73) | Distance (km) to nearest gym |
| Distance to the nearest Rec Center (kilometers) | GIS | 0.52 (0.37) | Distance (km) to nearest Rec Center |
| Participation on Sports Teams (count) | Adolescent Report | 2.03 (1.06) | “During the past 12 months, on how many sports teams did you play?” (test-retest reliability: r = 0.86) |
| Opportunities for Exercise | |||
| Density of Parks near Home (%) | GIS | 9.5 (7.4) | Percent of 1600m Buffer around home that is Greenspace |
| Indoor Physical Education Facilities at School (count) | PE Specialist Survey | 4.55 (1.96) | Count of Indoor Activity facilities reported by PE Specialist |
| Outdoor Physical Education Facilities at School (count) | PE Specialist Survey | 3.74 (1.36) | Count of Outdoor Activity facilities reported by PE Specialist |
| Perceived Neighborhood daytime safety (Range: 1–4) | Adolescent Report | 1.72 (0.9) | “The crime rate in my neighborhood makes it unsafe to go on walks during the day.” (test-retest reliability: r = 0.57); Higher score indicates lower feeling of safety. |
| Perceived Neighborhood nighttime safety (Range: 1–4) | Adolescent Report | 2.29 (1.14) | “The crime rate in my neighborhood makes it unsafe to go on walks during at night.” (test-retest reliability: r = 0.65); Higher score indicates lower feeling of safety. |
| Busy Streets in Neighborhood (count) | GIS | 1.96 (0.95) | Percent of streets in 1600m Buffer around home that are busy |
| Distance to the nearest Trail (kilometers) | GIS | 0.64 (0.47) | Street network distance (km) to nearest bike or walking trail |
| Access Points (count) | GIS | 6.62 (1.67) | Count of streets crossing into 1600m buffer around home (unit= 10 crossings) |
| Reported Neighborhood Crime (count) | GIS | 1.72 (0.97) | Count of total crimes per hectare near home in 2010 |
| Distance to School (kilometers) | GIS | 5.92 (4.58) | Street network distance (km) to school |
| Home Physical Activity Equipment (count) | Parent Report | 2.28 (1.37) | Parent reported count of exercise equipment available at home. (test-retest reliability: % concordance = 80% to 89%) |
| Social Norms | |||
| Perceived Mother’s PA (Range: 1–4) | Adolescent Report | 2.48 (0.99) | “My mother is physically active in her free time.” (test-retest reliability: r= 0.70); Higher score indicates greater perceived mother activity. |
| Perceived Father’s PA (Range: 1–4) | Adolescent Report | 2.54 (1.08) | “My father is physically active in his free time.” (test-retest reliability: r= 0.69); Higher score indicates greater perceived father activity. |
| Parent Self-Reported PA (hours/week) | Parent Report | 4.08 (3.7) | Parent reported moderate and vigorous physical activity (Godin-Shepard, test-retest reliability: r = 0.56 to 0.75) |
| Parent Active with Child (hours/week) | Parent Report | 1.22 (1.53) | Hours per week parent is active with their adolescent (test-retest reliability: r = 0.58) |
| Family does Active Things (Range: 1–4) | Adolescent Report | 2.59 (0.98) | “My family and I do active things together.” (test-retest reliability: r = 0.73); Higher score indicates more family activity. |
| Family Support for Physical Activity (Range: 1–4) | Adolescent Report | 3.14 (0.92) | “My family supports me in being physically active.” (test-retest reliability: r = 0.60); Higher score indicates more family support for activity. |
| Parent helps Child be Active (hours/week) | Parent Report | 1.52 (1.86) | Hours per week parent helps their adolescent be physically active (test-retest reliability: r = 0.62) |
| Parent Talks to Child about being Active (Range: 1–5) | Parent Report | 2.97 (1.2) | “Have you had a conversation with your child about being physically active?” (test-retest reliability: r = 0.64); Higher score indicates more frequent conversations about being physically active. |
| Friends Play Sports (Range: 1–4) | Adolescent Report | 3.18 (0.81) | “My friends often play sports or do something active.” (test-retest reliability: r = 0.54); Higher score indicates more friend activity. |
| Friends think it is Important to be Active (Range: 1–4) | Adolescent Report | 2.91 (0.83) | “My friends think it is important to be physically active.” (test-retest reliability: r = 0.43); Higher score indicates greater importance to friends of activity. |
| Friends are Active Together (Range: 1–4) | Adolescent Report | 3.1 (0.87) | “My friends and I like to do active things together.” (test-retest reliability: r= 0.49); Higher score indicates greater activity with friends. |
| Friend Self-Reported Physical Activity (hours/week) | Adolescent Report | 6.19 (3.61) | Mean of Godin Shepard self-reported MVPA among nominated friends. |
| School Physical Activity Promotion (Range: 1–5) | School Administrator Survey | 3.49 (0.77) | “To what extent has your school made a serious effort to promote increased physical activity among students?”; Higher score indicates greater efforts to promote physical activity. |
| Average Physical Activity of Students in School (hours/week) | Adolescent Report | 5.78 (0.72) | Mean of Godin Shepard self-reported MVPA among students within the school. |
| Degree of PE | |||
| Time spent in PA in an average week (hours/week) | PE Specialist Survey | 3.91 (1.5) | “On average, how many minutes per week do students at your school participate in physical education?” |
| School’s Required Physical Education Credits (credits/year) | PE Specialist Survey | 0.65 (0.58) | “What is the minimum physical education requirement for students at your school?” |
| Had gym class in the last year (yes/no) | Adolescent Report | 47% Yes | Adolescent participated in gym class in the past year. |
| Passive Entertainment | |||
| Video Games in Bedroom (yes/no) | Adolescent Report | 64% Yes | In the room where you sleep, do you have an electronic games console?” (test-retest reliability: % concordance = 94%) |
| TV in Bedroom (yes/no) | Adolescent Report | 39% Yes | In the room where you sleep, do you have a television?” (test-retest reliability: % concordance = 97%) |
| Screen Time (hours/day) | Adolescent Report | 5.74 (3.82) | Hours per day watching TV, using a computer, or playing video-games. (test-retest reliability: r = 0.86) |
| Parent watches TV with Child (hours/week) | Parent Report | 2.38 (1.92) | Hours per week parent watches TV with their adolescent (test-retest reliability: r = 0.53) |
| Parent TV hours (hours/week) | Parent Report | 14.35 (9.14) | “On an average day, how many hours do you spend watching TV, DVD’s, or videos?” (test-retest reliability: r = 0.78) |
| Home Media Equipment (count) | Parent Report | 7.75 (3.33) | Parent reported count of media equipment available at home. (test-retest reliability: r = 0.73 to 0.90) |
Note.
a
: Internal reliability for score measures is represented with Cronbach’s alpha. Higher alpha values indicate better internal reliability.