Table 2.
Diagnosis and background characteristics of infants or children with maltreatment syndrome in Sweden, 1997–2007 (n = 127) and 2008–2014 (n = 210),* per 100 000 children below 1 year of age (1997–2007 n = 1, 062, 084; 2008–2014 n = 793, 183)‡
| Diagnosis and background Characteristics | Abuse diagnosis | 1997–2007 | 2008–2014 | 2008–2014/1997–2007 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Incidence (95% CI) | n | Incidence (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | EFe (%) | ||
| Subdural haemorrhage | No | 130 | 12.3 (10.4–14.5) | 133 | 16.8 (14.2–19.7) | ||
| Yes | 20 | 1.89 (1.22–2.79) | 23 | 2.90 (1.94–4.20) | 1.36 (1.07–1.73) | 26.4 | |
| Skull fracture | No | 876 | 82.5 (77.2–88.0) | 612 | 77.1 (71.3–83.4) | ||
| Yes | 12 | 1.13 (0.65–1.85) | 21 | 2.65 (1.06–2.8) | 2.34 (1.15–4.76) | 57.3 | |
| Cerebral contusion | No | 5357 | 504 (491–518) | 3, 731 | 470 (455–486) | ||
| Yes | 4 | 0.37 (0.15–0.83) | 5 | 0.63 (0.28–1.29) | 1.67 (0.45–6.23) | 40.3 | |
| Convulsions | No | 7225 | 680 (665–696) | 5, 931 | 747 (729–767) | ||
| Yes | 7 | 0.66 (0.33–1.23) | 11 | 1.39 (0.78–2.32) | 2.10 (0.82–5.43) | 52.5 | |
| Retinal haemorrhage | No | 70 | 6.59 (5.22–8.22) | 49 | 6.18 (4.68–8.02) | ||
| Yes | 10 | 0.94 (0.52–1.61) | 18 | 2.27 (1.44–3.43) | 2.41 (1.11–5.22) | 58.5 | |
| Long bone fractures | No | 1157 | 108 (103–115) | 993 | 125 (117–133) | ||
| Yes | 22 | 2.07 (1.37–3.02) | 35 | 4.41 (3.18–5.99) | 2.13 (1.25–3.63) | 53.1 | |
| Rib fracture | No | 26 | 2.44 (1.68–3.47) | 20 | 2.52 (1.64–3.74) | ||
| Yes | 12 | 1.13 (0.65–1.85) | 20 | 2.01 (1.25–3.12) | 2.32 (1.09–4.57) | 55.2 | |
| Preterm-born (<37 wks) | Yes | 18 | 27.3 (17.3–41.3) | 27 | 57.2 (39.4–80.6) | 2.09 (1.15–3.80) | 52.2 |
| Small for gestational age | Yes | 7 | 29.6 (14.6–55.3) | 8 | 43.9 (22.6–79.2) | 1.48 (0.54–4.09) | 32.6 |
| Multiple birth | Yes | 6 | 38.0 (17.9–74.0) | 14 | 127 (76.2–202) | 3.34 (1.28–8.68) | 70.0 |
| Mother Swedish-born | Yes | 96 | 11.1 (9.13–13.5) | 124 | 12.3 (12.4–18.5) | 1.87 (1.43–2.44) | 46.4 |
| Mother foreign-born | Yes | 31 | 15.6 (11.0–21.6 | 86 | 44.6 (35.9–54.2) | 2.71 (1.80–4.09) | 63.1 |
| Southern Region | Yes | 27 | 13.2 (9.07–18.6) | 53 | 33.4 (25.6–43.0) | 2.54 (1.60–4.03) | 60.6 |
| South East Region | Yes | 22 | 20.4 (13.5–29.7) | 19 | 24.2 (15.5–36.2) | 1.59 (0.86–2.94) | 37.1 |
| Western Region | Yes | 13 | 7.2 (4.24–11.6) | 32 | 20.8 (14.4–29.1) | 2.89 (1.49–5.57) | 65.3 |
| Uppsala-Örebro Region | Yes | 36 | 17.3 (12.5–23.4) | 32 | 24.4 (17.3–33.6) | 1.41 (0.87–2.27) | 29.2 |
| Stockholm Region | Yes | 16 | 6.00 (3.72–9.28) | 72 | 34.9 (27.7–43.8) | 5.81 (3.38–9.81) | 82.9 |
| Northern Region | Yes | 12 | 12.8 (7.41–21.1) | 5 | 10.8 (4.74–22.0) | 0.21 (0.07–0.59) | – |
Notes: Incidence proportion per 100 000 infants [95% confidence intervals (CIs)], rate ratio (RR) 2008–2014/1997–2007 and aetiologic fraction among the exposed (EFe), those born preterm or small for gestational age (SGA) and multiple births, for having an abuse diagnosis. *Source: Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare; ‡Source: Statistics Sweden and the National Board of Health and Welfare.