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. 2018 Dec 10;12:479. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00479

FIGURE 3.

FIGURE 3

The pre-motor PD model displayed cognitive deficits that were prevented by treatment with EX-4, in the absence of anhedonia or motor dysfunction. (A) At 18 days after surgery, the pre-motor model did not display anhedonia, as the percentage of sucrose consumed was similar in all experimental groups (one-way ANOVA test n = 4–5 animals per experimental group – P > 0.05). Data are presented as mean % sucrose preference ± SEM. (B) Locomotion in the pre-motor model receiving either saline (n = 5) or EX-4 (n = 4) treatments was tested at baseline and after treatment with either saline (model) or EX-4 (model + EX-4). Data are presented as the mean latency (s) at which the animals fell from the rotating rod ± SEM. The latency after treatment in both groups (model and model + EX-4 – Day 18) was similar to that observed at baseline (prior to DSP-4 injection) (one-way ANOVA with repeated measures; ns P > 0.05). (C) Cognitive deficits, measured as a decrease in the discrimination ratio (DR) using a novel object recognition (NOR) test, were observed in the pre-motor model. EX-4 prevented this deficit and the addition of the GLP-1R antagonist EX9-39 inhibited this effect (one-way ANOVA with Gabriel’s method post hoc analysis n = 4–5 animals per experimental groups ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗∗P < 0.001).