Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2018 Dec 10;12:479. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00479

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2018 Sancandi, Schul, Economides, Constanti and Mercer.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

The pre-motor PD model displayed hyposmia that was prevented by treatment with EX-4. (A) Hyposmia was tested using the hidden food test (sham n = 10; model n = 10; model + EX-4 n = 10; model + EX-4 + EX9-39 n = 5). Data are represented as mean ± SEM. The latency time (s) time taken by the pre-motor model animals to find the hidden treat was increased compared with that by the sham animals. Hyposmia was prevented by treatment with EX-4 and this effect was inhibited when the animals received the GLP-1R antagonist EX9-39 (one-way ANOVA with Gabriel’s method post hoc analysis ^∗P < 0.05). (B) Open food test. Animals were tested with the treat in view and the latency time (s) in finding the treat was similar in all experimental groups (unpaired t-test n = 5 animals per experimental group P > 0.05). (C) Olfactory deficits were also tested using the habituation/dishabituation test at baseline, a week after surgery (Ca) and again at 18 days after surgery (Cb) (sham n = 10; model n = 10; model + EX-4 n = 10; model + EX-4 + EX9-39 n = 5). (Ca) Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures (trials 1, 2, and 3) revealed that the pre-motor group differed in the progressive decline of the exploration time (s) for paprika [F_{paprika(6,46)} = 3.723, P < 0.05] 7 days after surgery. The pre-motor model did not display the classical decline in exploratory time following the three presentations of the social odors with an increase in the exploratory time at trial 3 and no response following the presentation of the Social 1 odor and no exploration of Social 2 odor. ^∗P < 0.05, ^∗∗P < 0.01, ^∗∗∗P < 0.001, ^∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001 for pre-motor baseline compared with pre-motor at 7 days after surgery. (Cb) At 18 days after surgery, the pre-motor model did not explore the vanilla odor during the trials 2 and 3 or the two social odors presented. EX-4 prevented the non-response following the first presentation of the social 1 and 2 odors. This effect was inhibited by the addition of EX9-39 (two-way ANOVA with repeated measures – ^∗∗∗P < 0.001, ^∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001 for pre-motor model at baseline compared with pre-motor at 18 days after surgery; & for pre-motor at 18 days after surgery compared with pre-motor + EX-4; $ for pre-motor + EX-4 compared with pre-motor + EX-4 + EX9-39; £ P < 0.05 for pre-motor model at baseline compared with pre-motor + EX-4).