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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Biomed Eng. 2018 Oct 1;2(12):942–954. doi: 10.1038/s41551-018-0290-2

Fig. 6 |. Cytokine analysis following injury of engineered muscle and the effects of TNFα inhibition on recovery.

Fig. 6 |

a, Cytokine concentrations relative to pre-injury levels in media conditioned by Mu-only and Mu–BMDM tissues pre-CTX and at 2, 5, 10 and 15 d post-CTX. ★P < 0.05 and ★★P <  0.01 between groups at the same time point; and #P <  0.05 and ##P <  0.001, and &P < 0.05 and &&P <  0.001 compared with pre-CTX values in Mu-only and Mu–BMDM groups, respectively (n =  12 independent experiments). b, Plot of GCamp6 signal (ΔF/F) recovery in Mu-only constructs exposed to the TNFα inhibitor SPD304. ★P < 0.05 and ★★P <  0.001 compared with Mu-only constructs at same time point. The symbol dictating significance is designated to each point included within brackets (n =  12 independent samples). c, Plots of force and muscle area (MA) recovery (relative to pre-CTX values) and cleaved caspase-3 (cCasp3) area per nuclei in Mu-only constructs exposed to SPD304. ★P <  0.05 and ★★P < 0.001 compared with Mu-only constructs at the same time point; and ##P < 0.001 compared with Mu–BMDM constructs ( n =  6 independent samples). d, Representative staining of cross-sections of myofibres and cCasp3 (inset) at 5, 10 and 15 d post-CTX in SPD304-treated constructs. All bars and points denote means ± s.e.m. Significance was determined by two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni-corrected post-hoc two-sided t-tests. Supplementary Table 4 lists exact P values when greater than 0.0001.