Fig. 1. More than 10,000 longitudinal gut metagenomes from the TEDDY T1D cohort.

We analysed 10,913 metagenomes collected longitudinally from 783 children (415 controls, 267 seroconverters, and 101 diagnosed with T1D) approximately monthly over the first five years of life. a, Subjects were recruited at six clinical centres (Finland, Sweden, Germany, Washington, Georgia and Colorado). Primary end points were seroconversion (defined as persistent confirmed IA) and T1D diagnosis. Additional metadata analysed for subjects and samples included the status of breastfeeding, birth mode, probiotics, antibiotics, formula feeding, and other dietary covariates. b, Overview of stool samples collected and microbiome development as summarized by Shannon’s alpha diversity and stratified by end point. Median number of samples per individual n = 12 (healthy controls n = 10, seroconverters n = 13, T1D cases n = 16).