Table 2.
Free volatile composition (μg/L) of fresh and withered Moscato bianco grapes after treatment with ozone at different exposure doses and times.
| Free Compounds | Fresh grapes | Withered grapes | Sig. Fresh versus Withered | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | DN-24 | DN-48 | DH-24 | DH-48 | Sig. | Control | DN-24 | DN-48 | DH-24 | DH-48 | Sig. | Control | DN-24 | DN-48 | DH-24 | DH-48 | |
| D-Limonene | 5.89 | 4.71 | 4.78 | 7.64 | 6.28 | ns | 14.40a | 1.13b | 1.27b | 2.27b | 2.82b | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| β-Phellandrene | 3.14 | 3.39 | 1.40 | 3.79 | 3.56 | ns | 1.33 | 0.46 | 2.46 | 0.90 | 0.05 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| (+)-4-Carene | 1.19 | 1.11 | 1.02 | 0.87 | 1.26 | ns | 0.71bc | 0.18c | 1.16b | 1.11b | 2.12a | ∗∗ | ns | ∗∗ | ns | ns | ∗∗ |
| trans-Rose oxide | 7.06 | 6.59 | 6.09 | 5.70 | 6.70 | ns | 4.35 | 2.23 | 1.33 | 2.74 | 3.60 | ns | ns | ∗∗ | ∗∗ | ns | ns |
| cis-Rose oxide | 1.62 | 1.56 | 1.55 | 1.44 | 1.66 | ns | 0.94 | 0.41 | 0.55 | 0.69 | 0.83 | ns | ns | ∗∗ | ∗∗ | ∗∗ | ∗∗ |
| trans-Furan linalool oxide | 1.63 | 1.27 | 1.48 | 1.05 | 0.59 | ns | 0.61 | 0.24 | 0.38 | 0.29 | 0.69 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| cis-Furan linalool oxide | 2.09 | 1.51 | 1.81 | 1.90 | 2.20 | ns | 0.97ab | 0.51b | 0.77ab | 1.00ab | 1.60a | ∗∗ | ∗∗ | ∗∗ | ∗∗ | ns | ns |
| Linalool | 331.53a | 243.80b | 174.61bc | 124.99c | 215.42b | ∗∗ | 50.22 | 41.96 | 49.16 | 55.37 | 72.08 | ns | ∗∗ | ∗∗ | ∗∗ | ∗∗ | ∗∗ |
| Ho-trienol | 0.98 | 0.85 | 0.99 | 0.60 | 0.81 | ns | 0.29 | 0.23 | 0.26 | 0.29 | 0.96 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Geranial | 0.59 | 0.90 | 0.83 | 0.23 | 0.80 | ns | 0.81 | 0.31 | 0.14 | 0.28 | 0.60 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| α-Terpineol | 1.67 | 1.59 | 1.79 | 1.58 | 2.51 | ns | 1.01ab | 0.43b | 0.69ab | 0.93ab | 1.43a | ∗∗ | ns | ∗∗ | ∗∗ | ns | ∗∗ |
| Neral | 4.22a | 3.44ab | 2.94b | 2.89b | 2.68b | ∗∗ | 2.55 | 0.88 | 0.94 | 1.36 | 1.44 | ns | ∗∗ | ∗∗ | ∗∗ | ∗∗ | ns |
| trans-Pyran linalool oxide | 3.16 | 2.88 | 3.04 | 2.45 | 2.77 | ns | 1.64 | 0.83 | 1.25 | 1.75 | 2.21 | ns | ∗∗ | ∗∗ | ∗∗ | ns | ns |
| Citronellol | 6.75 | 6.74 | 6.18 | 6.32 | 6.47 | ns | 5.25 | 2.05 | 2.30 | 3.10 | 2.89 | ns | ns | ∗∗ | ∗∗ | ∗∗ | ∗∗ |
| Nerol | 39.50 | 35.00 | 33.08 | 36.77 | 36.68 | ns | 28.27a | 12.74b | 11.38b | 11.86b | 15.33b | ∗∗ | ns | ∗∗ | ∗∗ | ∗∗ | ∗∗ |
| Geraniol | 69.74 | 64.27 | 56.97 | 62.46 | 65.41 | ns | 39.40 | 17.57 | 18.27 | 22.53 | 23.23 | ns | ∗∗ | ∗∗ | ∗∗ | ∗∗ | ∗∗ |
| 4-Terpineol | nd | nd | nd | 0.13 | 0.48 | ns | nd | nd | 43.82a | 19.39b | 54.37a | ∗∗ | ns | ns | ∗∗ | ∗∗ | ∗∗ |
| Pentanol | 0.57 | 1.17 | 1.69 | 1.44 | 0.80 | ns | 1.25 | 0.89 | 1.07 | 0.96 | 1.61 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| 3-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol | 0.90 | 0.74 | 0.96 | 0.63 | 0.41 | ns | 0.62 | 0.36 | 0.33 | 0.44 | 0.57 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Hexanol | 84.96 | 79.21 | 87.29 | 65.74 | 68.58 | ns | 85.07 | 47.39 | 38.63 | 58.56 | 54.28 | ns | ns | ns | ∗∗ | ns | ns |
| 2-Ethylhexanol | 8.04 | 7.41 | 8.62 | 7.00 | 7.46 | ns | 5.74 | 3.85 | 4.16 | 4.29 | 6.09 | ns | ns | ns | ∗∗ | ns | ns |
| Benzyl alcohol | 1.99b | 2.06ab | 2.79ab | 3.18a | 3.10ab | ∗∗ | 1.74 | 0.83 | 0.93 | 1.31 | 1.47 | ns | ns | ∗∗ | ∗∗ | ∗∗ | ∗∗ |
| 2-Phenylethanol | 5.11a | 4.16b | 3.97b | 3.78b | 3.83b | ∗∗ | 3.85a | 1.38b | 3.11ab | 2.78ab | 4.08a | ∗∗ | ns | ∗∗ | ns | ∗ | ns |
| Octanal | 0.46 | 0.64 | 0.65 | 0.48 | 0.54 | ns | 0.39 | 0.54 | 0.55 | 0.62 | 0.49 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Benzaldehyde | 2.68b | 2.65b | 2.94b | 3.23b | 7.80a | ∗∗ | 17.21a | 2.56b | 12.02ab | 4.91b | 2.64b | ∗∗ | ∗∗ | ns | ∗∗ | ns | ns |
Values are expressed as average (n = 3). Different Latin letters indicate significant differences among treatments for fresh and withered grape samples according to the HSD Tukey’s test (p < 0.01). Asterisks denote significant differences among treatments for fresh and withered grape samples or between fresh and withered samples for each treatment: ∗∗indicates significance at p < 0.01; ns indicates no significant difference. DN, normal dose (30 μL/L); DH, high dose (60 μL/L); 24 and 48, 24 and 48 h of exposure, respectively.