Fig. 5.

Taxonomic differences of modification sites. a Examples of aligning tRNA sequencing reads to two seed sequences of tRNA^Ser(UGA) from Lactobacillus, class Bacilli, and Bifidobacterium, class Actinobacteria without and with demethylase treatment. Modification sites identified (s⁴U and m¹A) are highlighted between the white lines. b m¹A22, m¹A58/59, and s⁴U8 identified in the abundant bacterial classes from Fig. 3c in the context of their phylogenetic relationship. Large fonts indicate bacterial classes in which the majority of the modifications are found (m¹A22 in Clostridia and Bacilli, m¹A58/59 in Actinobacteria, and s⁴U8 in Clostridia and Bacilli). c Proximal location of the m¹A22 (red), m¹58 (blue), and m¹59 (green) modifications in a tRNA three-dimensional structure