Table 3.

Examples of agents used in the management of specific adverse drug reactions.

Specific treatments	Drug/drug class causing ADR	Clinical effect of treatment	Clinical context
Naloxone	Opioids	Antidote for opioid toxicity	Widely used for treatment of overdosage with opioids in a non-medical setting and reversal of postoperative respiratory depression
Icatibant	ACE inhibitors	Treatment for life-threatening angioedema affecting airway/head and neck	This selective bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist has proven to reduce the time to complete resolution of angioedema
Idarucizumab	Dabigatran	Antidote for the reversal of direct oral thrombin inhibitor	Novel humanised monoclonal antibody fragment developed as specific reversal agent, promptly restoring dabigatran-prolonged coagulation parameters to baseline values
Intravenous lipid emulsion (Intralipid®)	Local Anaesthetics (eg lidocaine)	Treatment for systemic toxicity from local anaesthetic agents (eg severe cardiotoxic effects)	Reduce adverse effects resulting from inadvertent local anaesthetic overdoses, intravascular injections, or rapid absorption effects from injections in highly vascular sites

ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; ADR = adverse drug reaction